Thailand's neverending telecoms debacle
By Jon Fernquest
The
neverending debacle of Thai telecommunications was the subject of analysis
in this week's Database section of the Bangkok Post. This time it seems like the powers that be have taken two steps backwards as far as making progress is concerned.
Today's article begins after the vocabulary below.
telecommunications,
telecoms -
communications by radio waves using mobile phones, TV, radio, broadband
internet การโทรคมนาคม หมายถึง
การสื่อสารทางไกลโดยใช้โทรศัพท์ เคเบิล โทรทัศน์ วิทยุและโทรเลข (See Wikipedia)
debacle - an embarrasing and complete failure
the powers that be - the people and organizations in power and controlling the way that things work (talked about in a very general and abstract sort of way)
progress - the gradual process of developing and improving, achieving project goals and moving towards project completion
debacle - an embarrasing and complete failure
the powers that be - the people and organizations in power and controlling the way that things work (talked about in a very general and abstract sort of way)
progress - the gradual process of developing and improving, achieving project goals and moving towards project completion
Tech News
Controversy over telecoms act
Number of concerns to be discussed in August9/06/2010
Suchit Leesa-nguansuk
The long-awaited National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) law, which passed senate approval late last month, contains some controversial issues that may set back development in new convergence technology services, especially the number of commission members, inflexible details, an "auction"-only licence acquisition model and the lack of coverage of new media and internet technology
controversy (noun) -
some issue or problem that people do not agree about, that they argue
and fight about
act - a law passed by a country's government พ.ร.บ. พระราชบัญญัติ
concerns - worries, things or issues that people worry about and think a lot about ความกังวล
National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) - the new combined telecoms and broadcasting regulator in Thailand
approval - official permission การอนุมัต
controversial - topic causing people to disagree, fight, argue, or debate about it ความขัดแย้ง, ความไม่ลงรอยกัน
issues - important subjects that people are discussing and debating about ประเด็น
development - the gradual growth and formation of something
convergence - a coming together, of two things that are not normally together (here: when telecommunications and telephone technologies are joining together with TV and radio broadcast technologies)
commission - a group of people who have been formally chosen to discover information about a problem or examine the reasons why the problem exists คณะกรรมการ, คณะกรรมาธิการ
commission - to officially ask for a piece of work to be done ซึ่งได้รับหน้าที่
auction - a usually public sale of goods or property, where people make higher and higher bids (= offers of money) for each thing, until the thing is sold to the person who will pay most การขายโดยการประมูล, การขายทอดตลาด (See Wikipedia)
licence - official permission from government to do a business or some activity
acquisition - the process of getting something
lack - does not have ขาดแคลน
coverage - the things or items included (in a service, project, program, insurance policy, areas included in a mobile phone service)
media - public ways of communicating news and information: television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the internet สื่อ
New Media - the new forms of media that have arose on the internet in recent years versus the "old" media of TV, radio, newspapers and magazines, most recently this includes Twitter, Facebook and Youtube (See Wikipedia)
act - a law passed by a country's government พ.ร.บ. พระราชบัญญัติ
concerns - worries, things or issues that people worry about and think a lot about ความกังวล
National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) - the new combined telecoms and broadcasting regulator in Thailand
approval - official permission การอนุมัต
controversial - topic causing people to disagree, fight, argue, or debate about it ความขัดแย้ง, ความไม่ลงรอยกัน
issues - important subjects that people are discussing and debating about ประเด็น
development - the gradual growth and formation of something
convergence - a coming together, of two things that are not normally together (here: when telecommunications and telephone technologies are joining together with TV and radio broadcast technologies)
commission - a group of people who have been formally chosen to discover information about a problem or examine the reasons why the problem exists คณะกรรมการ, คณะกรรมาธิการ
commission - to officially ask for a piece of work to be done ซึ่งได้รับหน้าที่
auction - a usually public sale of goods or property, where people make higher and higher bids (= offers of money) for each thing, until the thing is sold to the person who will pay most การขายโดยการประมูล, การขายทอดตลาด (See Wikipedia)
licence - official permission from government to do a business or some activity
acquisition - the process of getting something
lack - does not have ขาดแคลน
coverage - the things or items included (in a service, project, program, insurance policy, areas included in a mobile phone service)
media - public ways of communicating news and information: television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the internet สื่อ
New Media - the new forms of media that have arose on the internet in recent years versus the "old" media of TV, radio, newspapers and magazines, most recently this includes Twitter, Facebook and Youtube (See Wikipedia)
All these issues are to be discussed again by house of representatives this August.
If the house disagrees with the parts amended by the senate, they will set up a joint house-senate committee to reconsider the bill. If they still cannot resolve their differences, the constitution will mandate to use a house representative version and announce this as law by August or September
representative
- a person who represents other people (here: in government matters)
ผู้แทน
House of Representatives - the "lower house" of parliament, usually elected directly by the people สภาผู้แทนราษฎร (See Wikipedia)
amended - changed
joint - done together; belonging to or shared between two or more people ความร่วมมือกัน
reconsider - to think again about a decision in order to decide whether you should change it พิจารณาอีกครั้ง
bill - a written document containing a proposal for a new law ญัตติ
resolve - find a solution to and solve a problem, difficulty, or argument หาทางแก้ปัญหา
resolve their differences - come to an agreement about issues they disagree about
mandate - being given the power to do something (by those who have more power than you)
House of Representatives - the "lower house" of parliament, usually elected directly by the people สภาผู้แทนราษฎร (See Wikipedia)
amended - changed
joint - done together; belonging to or shared between two or more people ความร่วมมือกัน
reconsider - to think again about a decision in order to decide whether you should change it พิจารณาอีกครั้ง
bill - a written document containing a proposal for a new law ญัตติ
resolve - find a solution to and solve a problem, difficulty, or argument หาทางแก้ปัญหา
resolve their differences - come to an agreement about issues they disagree about
mandate - being given the power to do something (by those who have more power than you)
Somkiat Tangkitvanich, Vice President of the Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI), said the bill on the establishment of the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) which passed senate is controversial in many issues, especially the increase in number of NBTC members from 11 to 15.
Most countries have less than 10 members in their respective commissions. For instance, the FCC in the USA has only five members, Ofcom in the UK only nine, and ACMA in Australia has eight, of which only three work full time.
Too many bosses will increase the workload and cause confusion at the secretarial office. The role of the NBTC is to set policies, not implement them," said Somkiat.
Thailand Development Research
Institute (TDRI) - Thailand's first
public policy think tank with economics research a specialty (See website)
workload - the amount of work that a worker must do each day ปริมาณงานที่คนหรือเครื่องจักรทำได้ระยะเวลาหนึ่ง
confusion - a disorganized situation (people cannot understand and do not know what to do)
role - what a person typically does in an organisation, their purpose บทบาท
policy - high level plans to achieve goals made in the government or some other organization นโยบาย
set policies - create policies and start following (implementing) them
implement - put a plan into action, make a plan work นำ แผนหรือนโยบายมาปฏิบัติ
implement policies - follow the plan in the policy to achieve the goals of the policy
workload - the amount of work that a worker must do each day ปริมาณงานที่คนหรือเครื่องจักรทำได้ระยะเวลาหนึ่ง
confusion - a disorganized situation (people cannot understand and do not know what to do)
role - what a person typically does in an organisation, their purpose บทบาท
policy - high level plans to achieve goals made in the government or some other organization นโยบาย
set policies - create policies and start following (implementing) them
implement - put a plan into action, make a plan work นำ แผนหรือนโยบายมาปฏิบัติ
implement policies - follow the plan in the policy to achieve the goals of the policy
Another issue mandated by the senate is to allocate enough frequency resources to cope with security defence tasks. As it is, some defence or military frequency uses are commercial in nature and not related to security issues.
Somkiat admitted that 90 percent of the bill is satisfactory, but 10 percent should be amended to allow the use of telecom frequency licenses to transfer data from the exclusive rights licensees which cannot transfer over the Mobile Virtual Network Operator business model.
issue
- matter; a subject or issue that people discuss or argue about ประเด็น
mandated - given the power to do something
allocate - to officially give out an amount of or share of something แบ่งส่วน
frequencies, spectrum - a range of radio waves used for radio communications ความถี่คลื่นวิทยุที่ใช้ในการสื่อสาร
resources - things that you need to achieve something ทรัพยากรที่มีอยู่
cope - to deal successfully with a difficult problem or situation รับมือกับ (See glossary)
security - the activity of making safe or protecting from harm
commercial - for business purposes
nature - the basic quality of feature of something ลักษณะที่แท้จริงของสิ่งต่างๆ, ธรรมชาติ
telecom - telecommunications, dealing with telephones การโทรคมนาคม หมายถึง การสื่อสารทางไกลโดยใช้โทรศัพท์ เคเบิล โทรทัศน์ วิทยุและโทรเลข
transfer - to move someone or something from one place, vehicle, person or group to another ย้าย
data - facts or information used for making calculations or decisions ข้อมูล
exclusive - limited to only one person or group of people แต่ผู้เดียว
exclusive - something available only to one person or a limited group of people a trademark
rights - something you are legally or morally allowed to do or have สิทธิ์ (See Wikipedia)
Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) - company provides mobile phone service without owning a "licensed frequency allocation of radio spectrum" and and possibly without owning the equipment and infrastructure such as antennas and base stations needed to provide mobile phone service (See Wikipedia)
licensed frequency allocation of radio spectrum - when different companies and organizations are given permission (licenses) to use different parts of the "radio spectrum" (that carry TV, radio and mobile phone signals)
business model -
mandated - given the power to do something
allocate - to officially give out an amount of or share of something แบ่งส่วน
frequencies, spectrum - a range of radio waves used for radio communications ความถี่คลื่นวิทยุที่ใช้ในการสื่อสาร
resources - things that you need to achieve something ทรัพยากรที่มีอยู่
cope - to deal successfully with a difficult problem or situation รับมือกับ (See glossary)
security - the activity of making safe or protecting from harm
commercial - for business purposes
nature - the basic quality of feature of something ลักษณะที่แท้จริงของสิ่งต่างๆ, ธรรมชาติ
telecom - telecommunications, dealing with telephones การโทรคมนาคม หมายถึง การสื่อสารทางไกลโดยใช้โทรศัพท์ เคเบิล โทรทัศน์ วิทยุและโทรเลข
transfer - to move someone or something from one place, vehicle, person or group to another ย้าย
data - facts or information used for making calculations or decisions ข้อมูล
exclusive - limited to only one person or group of people แต่ผู้เดียว
exclusive - something available only to one person or a limited group of people a trademark
rights - something you are legally or morally allowed to do or have สิทธิ์ (See Wikipedia)
Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) - company provides mobile phone service without owning a "licensed frequency allocation of radio spectrum" and and possibly without owning the equipment and infrastructure such as antennas and base stations needed to provide mobile phone service (See Wikipedia)
licensed frequency allocation of radio spectrum - when different companies and organizations are given permission (licenses) to use different parts of the "radio spectrum" (that carry TV, radio and mobile phone signals)
business model -
The senate has also extended its grace period from one year to three years for ToT and CAT to transfer concession revenue after deduction costs to the NBTC and then forward the amount to the state.
And there is no rule that mandated state enterprises cannot be lost if ToT and CAT fail to profit. "If they don't have this source of revenue, other state enterprises, such as the Bangkok Mass Transit Authority could be lost," Somkiat explained.
grace period
- the of time beyond the due date that you have to do something or pay
a bill you owe
TOT - a Thai state-owned telecommunications company. Originally established in 1954 and corporatized in 2002, TOT's main line of business is fixed line telephony, although it has several other businesses, including mobile telephony. (See Wikipedia)
CAT, CAT Telecom - the Thai state-owned telecommunications company that owns Thailand’s international telecommunications infrastructure including its international gateways, satellite and submarine cable networks connections. Until recently, CAT had a monopoly on international telephony and CDMA mobile telephony. CAT partners with sister state-enterprise TOT to provide a GSM mobile service and with Hutchison to provide a CDMA mobile service. Corporatized in July 2003, CAT Telecom used to be known as the Communications Authority of Thailand (See Wikipedia)
concession - official permission from the government to do a certain type of business สัมปทาน
deduction
revenue - income from taxes or business activities รายได้
forward - send something you received (email, letter, report, etc) on to other people to read and look at
state - government รัฐ
enterprises - companies
profit - money that you make from selling goods and services after all your costs have been paid กำไร
source - where something comes from g ต้นกำเนิด, แหล่งกำเนิด
source of revenue - where money coming into the business (revenue) comes from
TOT - a Thai state-owned telecommunications company. Originally established in 1954 and corporatized in 2002, TOT's main line of business is fixed line telephony, although it has several other businesses, including mobile telephony. (See Wikipedia)
CAT, CAT Telecom - the Thai state-owned telecommunications company that owns Thailand’s international telecommunications infrastructure including its international gateways, satellite and submarine cable networks connections. Until recently, CAT had a monopoly on international telephony and CDMA mobile telephony. CAT partners with sister state-enterprise TOT to provide a GSM mobile service and with Hutchison to provide a CDMA mobile service. Corporatized in July 2003, CAT Telecom used to be known as the Communications Authority of Thailand (See Wikipedia)
concession - official permission from the government to do a certain type of business สัมปทาน
deduction
revenue - income from taxes or business activities รายได้
forward - send something you received (email, letter, report, etc) on to other people to read and look at
state - government รัฐ
enterprises - companies
profit - money that you make from selling goods and services after all your costs have been paid กำไร
source - where something comes from g ต้นกำเนิด, แหล่งกำเนิด
source of revenue - where money coming into the business (revenue) comes from
However, under the legal process, the senate bill will be brought back to the house of representative to consider whether they agree on the senate's amendments, If the bill is not accepted by the house, it will set up a joint house-senate Committee to revise it once more. If a compromise still cannot be reached, the constitution indicates that the lower house version will be finally be used.
process
- a series of actions that you take in order to achieve a result
แนวทางปฏิบัติ, กระบวน, วิธีการ
the legal process
revise - improve, create again or recreate with improvements
compromise - when each side in a disagreement demands less in order to reach agreement ประนีประนอม
the legal process
revise - improve, create again or recreate with improvements
compromise - when each side in a disagreement demands less in order to reach agreement ประนีประนอม
So, if there are no hold-ups, this bill can be made law and enforced by this August or September, with the mandate to select the NBTC within six months," said Somkiat.
When the law comes into effect, the current NTC will operate in an acting position until the new NBTC members are confirmed.
hold-ups - delays,
things that happen that make things even slower
current - now, existing or happening now
National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) - the first independent state telecommunications regulator in Thailand, regulates all telecommunications services, formulates a master plan, sets criteria and categories of telecommunications services, permits and regulates the use of spectrum for telecommunications services and grants licenses to telecommunications operators (See website and policy) คณะกรรมการการสื่อสารมวลชนแห่งชาติ
an acting position - working in a position but not yet officially appointed
confirmed - when after appointment to a position, the people who give permission say it is ok
current - now, existing or happening now
National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) - the first independent state telecommunications regulator in Thailand, regulates all telecommunications services, formulates a master plan, sets criteria and categories of telecommunications services, permits and regulates the use of spectrum for telecommunications services and grants licenses to telecommunications operators (See website and policy) คณะกรรมการการสื่อสารมวลชนแห่งชาติ
an acting position - working in a position but not yet officially appointed
confirmed - when after appointment to a position, the people who give permission say it is ok
NTC Commissioner Pana Thongmeearkom added that the bill should not change all the NBTC members at the same time, instead allowing half of them to remain in order to facilitate a smooth transition period.
For example, three incoming NTC commissioners could work with three exiting commissioners to achieve seamless integration.
facilitate
- to make it possible or easier for something to happen ทำให้สะดวกขึ้น
transition - the process of changing from one situation or state to another การเปลี่ยนถ่าย, การโอน, ช่วงการเปลี่ยนแปลง
smooth transition - a change that happens without problems or delays
seamless - changing and continuing very smotthly without stopping or problems
integration - the process of combining with others to create a single unit or system การรวมเข้าด้วยกัน, การผสมผสาน
transition - the process of changing from one situation or state to another การเปลี่ยนถ่าย, การโอน, ช่วงการเปลี่ยนแปลง
smooth transition - a change that happens without problems or delays
seamless - changing and continuing very smotthly without stopping or problems
integration - the process of combining with others to create a single unit or system การรวมเข้าด้วยกัน, การผสมผสาน
The bill should not specified the names of the organisations and agencies that have the right to be in the NBTC selection committee.
TCT: Law 'disables' telecom industry
Kosol Petchsuwan, honorary president of the Telecommunications Association of Thailand under Royal Patronage (TCT), said the NBTC bill passed by the senate render the Thai telecom industry "disabled", because it is not flexible enough to cope with the ever-changing nature of dynamic digital technology, and this means the government is losing opportunities.flexible - able to
change easily
cope - deal with a problem ( make problem smaller or solve completely)
nature - the basic or most important quality of something (example: the nature of dogs is to always look for food)
dynamic - energetic and always changing จรวิสัย
not flexible enough to cope with the ever-changing nature of dynamic digital technology -
opportunities - situations where it is possible to do what you want or need to do
cope - deal with a problem ( make problem smaller or solve completely)
nature - the basic or most important quality of something (example: the nature of dogs is to always look for food)
dynamic - energetic and always changing จรวิสัย
not flexible enough to cope with the ever-changing nature of dynamic digital technology -
opportunities - situations where it is possible to do what you want or need to do
The bill mandates that service licenses can only be won by "auction", but in fact, there are many ways to secure a license that may suitable for various uses.
Kosol said the bill should clearly define comparative qualifications in order to secure telecom service operator licenses and broadcasting service licenses.
auction - a public
sale selling to who offers the most money for an item (See Wikipedia)
secure - to get or achieve something การได้มาซึ่ง
license - permission (here: permission from the government to use frequencies (spectrum, radio waves) to provide a mobile phone service
secure a license - get a license, get permission to use something
suitable - acceptable or right for someone or something เหมาะสม
comparative - involving comparison of two or more things (looking at ways they are the same and different)
qualifications - the abilities, qualities, degrees, etc. that you need for a particular job or activity.
secure - to get or achieve something การได้มาซึ่ง
license - permission (here: permission from the government to use frequencies (spectrum, radio waves) to provide a mobile phone service
secure a license - get a license, get permission to use something
suitable - acceptable or right for someone or something เหมาะสม
comparative - involving comparison of two or more things (looking at ways they are the same and different)
qualifications - the abilities, qualities, degrees, etc. that you need for a particular job or activity.
At the Asean level, Thailand still does not have an allocation frequency master plan, while Vietnam does.
This means the kingdom is losing opportunities to plan available frequency for new services.
allocation
- the process of deciding to give an amount of share of something to
some one การจัดสรรปันส่วน
master plan - the highest level plan (from which lower levels goals and plans are formed)
allocation frequency master plan - the high level plan for who will get the airwaves (which carries TV, radio and mobile phone signals)
master plan - the highest level plan (from which lower levels goals and plans are formed)
allocation frequency master plan - the high level plan for who will get the airwaves (which carries TV, radio and mobile phone signals)
Law firm: New media not covered
Meanwhile, Paiboon Amonpinyokeat, founder of P&P Law Firm, said this draft still cannot resolve the persisting problems in the principle of telecom and broadcasting without regulatedlinkage with Internet and New Media.The bill as it stands cannot be applied to the current telecoms situation
firm
- a business or company บริษัม
law firm - a group of lawyers who provide legal services as a business
founder - a person who establishes an institution, business, or organization ผู้ก่อตั้ง
draft - not in a final form and likely to be changed ร่าง
persist - last for a long time, does not go away
persisting problem - a problem that lasts for a long time and doesn't go away
resolve the persisting problems - solve the problems that have lasted for a long time
principle - a basic belief, theory, or rule that has a major influence on the way in which something is done หลักการ
regulation (noun) - laws that control and govern the industry or activity กฎระเบียบ, ระเบียบข้อบังคับ
regulated (verb) - when the government controls an industry by making rules (here: broadcasting and telecomes industries)
without linkage - without connecting to, without involving
law firm - a group of lawyers who provide legal services as a business
founder - a person who establishes an institution, business, or organization ผู้ก่อตั้ง
draft - not in a final form and likely to be changed ร่าง
persist - last for a long time, does not go away
persisting problem - a problem that lasts for a long time and doesn't go away
resolve the persisting problems - solve the problems that have lasted for a long time
principle - a basic belief, theory, or rule that has a major influence on the way in which something is done หลักการ
regulation (noun) - laws that control and govern the industry or activity กฎระเบียบ, ระเบียบข้อบังคับ
regulated (verb) - when the government controls an industry by making rules (here: broadcasting and telecomes industries)
without linkage - without connecting to, without involving
When considering the definition of "broadcasting" and "telecommunication", this bill remains stuck in details regarding traditional broadcast media such as analogue radio and television frequencies, while contemporary technology allows for broadcasting via the Internet, with no need for a traditional television or radio station set-up.
remains stuck in details -
people can't agree about the details of the proposed law (bill) so the
law is never passed by parliament
traditional - the old way of doing something, using beliefs or ways of doing things from the past
broadcast - to send out a programme on television or radio กระจายเสียง,กระจายข่าว
station - to cause, especially soldiers, to be in a particular place to do a job ตั้งฐานปฎิบัติการ,ตั้งประจำ
analogue, analogue radio and television - not digital using computers, using old style radio and TV signal (See Wikipedia on analogue signal)
station - a place where some activity takes place (for example: power station, police station, fire station, space station, way station)
a set-up - the way something is organized (so that it can so a job, perform work)
traditional - the old way of doing something, using beliefs or ways of doing things from the past
broadcast - to send out a programme on television or radio กระจายเสียง,กระจายข่าว
station - to cause, especially soldiers, to be in a particular place to do a job ตั้งฐานปฎิบัติการ,ตั้งประจำ
analogue, analogue radio and television - not digital using computers, using old style radio and TV signal (See Wikipedia on analogue signal)
station - a place where some activity takes place (for example: power station, police station, fire station, space station, way station)
a set-up - the way something is organized (so that it can so a job, perform work)
The technology allows users to implement peer-to-peer (P2P) software and cloud computing to broadcast their content.
Moreover, in the NBTC, there is no representative from organisations or associations which are related to the Internet, information technology or new media from the private side.
In Section 6 of the draft, the committee members' qualification field does not mention expertise or experience in the Internet or new media.
peer
- to look very carefully, especially because something is difficult to
see มองหา
peer-to-peer (P2P) - a system where people use the internet to share and swap music, movies, games, images, and other types of files (See Wikipedia)
cloud computing - providing computer or IT services through the "cloud" of the internet (See Wikipedia)
content - the stories and pictures inside a newspaper, website or other form of media เนื้อหา
representative...from the private side - a person from a "private" company, from the private sector
private sector - all the companies in the economy
qualification - skills needed to do a certain job
field - an area of work that someone specializes in and becomes an expert in
expertise - special skills or knowledge in a subject or work area from study or practical experience ความถนัด, ทักษะความรู้, ความคิดเห็นของผู้เชี่ยวชาญ
peer-to-peer (P2P) - a system where people use the internet to share and swap music, movies, games, images, and other types of files (See Wikipedia)
cloud computing - providing computer or IT services through the "cloud" of the internet (See Wikipedia)
content - the stories and pictures inside a newspaper, website or other form of media เนื้อหา
representative...from the private side - a person from a "private" company, from the private sector
private sector - all the companies in the economy
qualification - skills needed to do a certain job
field - an area of work that someone specializes in and becomes an expert in
expertise - special skills or knowledge in a subject or work area from study or practical experience ความถนัด, ทักษะความรู้, ความคิดเห็นของผู้เชี่ยวชาญ
The draft still solely considers expertise from traditional broadcasting and telecommunication fields.
This is quite different to the component experience of the Director General of Telecommunications at Ofcom.
Paiboon continued that the NBTC has not regulated for new media or the Internet and still focuses on traditional radio frequencies and telecommunication models, despite the increasing use of P2P, cloud computing and web 3.0 technology, which could lead to misinterpretations of public law. A regulator may not interpret public law if certain laws are not clearly specified.
solely - only
component - a part that something is made of ส่วนประกอบ,ส่วนเสริม
models - a system, a simple description of how a system works (to help you understand it)
regulator - an official who makes certain that the companies who operate a system work effectively and fairly ผู้มีอำนาจควบคุม
interpret - to decide what the intended meaning of something is อธิบาย,ชี้แจง
component - a part that something is made of ส่วนประกอบ,ส่วนเสริม
models - a system, a simple description of how a system works (to help you understand it)
regulator - an official who makes certain that the companies who operate a system work effectively and fairly ผู้มีอำนาจควบคุม
interpret - to decide what the intended meaning of something is อธิบาย,ชี้แจง
In Section 41,The bill also covers regulated radio and broadcasting specified only by service providers who use traditional radio frequency or #T broadcasting methods, excluding the broadcast of voice, clips, videos or movies via the Internet, creating a gap for new media service providers to enter the market without regulation and cause the government to lose revenue from technology which replaces traditional broadcasting. "The UK's Telecommunications Act of 1984 had a much broader definition of telecoms than Thailand but still has the enforcement problems with new media and internet. The UK thus announced the Communication Act of 2003 to resolve the problem," said Paiboon.
clips - short parts
of a longer video or audio recording (examples: audio clip, video clip)
gap - a space or opening in the middle of something or between things ช่องว่าง
regulation - laws that control and govern the industry or activity กฎระเบียบ, ระเบียบข้อบังคับ
enforcement - making sure a law is obeyed and punishing people if it is not obeyed บังคับใช้กฎหมาย
gap - a space or opening in the middle of something or between things ช่องว่าง
regulation - laws that control and govern the industry or activity กฎระเบียบ, ระเบียบข้อบังคับ
enforcement - making sure a law is obeyed and punishing people if it is not obeyed บังคับใช้กฎหมาย
(Source: Bangkok Post, Controversy over telecoms act, Number of concerns to be discussed in August, 9/06/2010, Suchit Leesa-nguansuk, link)
