NCR Rubber - a rubber parts company located in Rayong that opened its first factory in 1962 and produces many products including "industrial and automotive rubber hoses, mandrel-built hoses, rubber expansion joints, marine fenders, bridge bearing pads, rubber and sponge profiles, silicone tubes and profiles, and moulded rubber parts" (See website)  ยาง
rubber - a highly elastic substance used to cushion blows (See Wikipedia on natural rubber from trees and synthetic man-made rubber)
hose - a long hollow tube used to carry fluids (such as water) from one location to another location (See photo on right and Wikipedia)  สายยาง
hollow - having nothing inside เป็นโพรง,เป็นหลุม
fluid - a liquid (a subtance that can flow, has no fixed shape and not a solid or gas (น้ำ but not just "water")  
elastic - a material that stretches easily and returns to its original shape quickly (See Wikipedia)
cushion a blow - reducing the force of one thing hitting another thing (example: the rubber bumpers on the front and rear of the bus reduce damage if the bus hits something)
profile - a short article or video programme describing the life and work of a person or organization

demand - the need and desire to buy goods and services by households and businesses
double - to become twice as big, twice as much or twice as many เพิ่มเป็นสองเท่า
upbeat - happy and positive because you are confident that you will get what you want มีความหวัง
outlook - what people think will happen in the future อนาคตที่คาดไว้ ภาพรวม อนาคต
bright outlook - people think the future will be good
construction - the work of building or making something, especially buildings, bridges, etc. การก่อสร้าง
vehicle - a car, bus, van, truck, etc. ยานพาหนะ
construction boom - time when many buildings are being built
economic recovery - when the economy gets better (more jobs, higher incomes) การฟื้นฟูสภาพ
massive - very large มหาศาล, ใหญ่โต
infrastructure - the high-cost facilities that everyone in the economy shares (water, roads, electricity, trains) สาธารณูปโภค
mass - large numbers จำนวนมหาศาล
transit - the act of moving from one place to another การเดินทางผ่าน
mass transit - transportation system such as buses, subway and/or trains, moving large numbers of people around a city (See Wikipedia on public transport and rapid transit)
benefit (verb) - when an activity does good things for someone ผลประโยชน์
raw - materials in their natural state before being processed or used in manufacturing
construction materials - building materials, materials such as cement, concrete and iron bars, rods and girders used to build buildings (See Wikipedia)

promotion - giving an employee a higher position or job than they already have
gasohol fuel - a mixture of ethanol with gasoline (See Wikipedia on common ethanol fuel mixtures)
producer - a company that makes a certain product in their factories  ผู้ผลิต
accommodate - is able to accept (here: able to accept gasohol as fuel to make the car work)
ethanol - "the most widely used renewable biofuel today. Ethanol is made by converting starch crops into sugars, the sugars are fermented into ethanol which is then distilled into its final form" (See Wikipedia onethanol fuel)
E20 - 20% ethanol mixed with 80% gasoline
E85 - an ethanol fuel mixture of around 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline, widely used as a fuel in Brazil and Sweden, becoming increasingly common in the United States, mainly in the Midwest where corn is a major crop, there are about 1500 gasoline stations selling E85 to the public in the US (See Wikipedia)
eco fuel, alternative fuels, biofuels, biofuel substitutes for gasoline - gasoline substitutes such as ethanol from agricultural crops such as sugar, corn, cassava, or palm oil (See Wikipedia on biofuels,biodiesel, and list of energy crops)
gasoline pumps - the machine at a gas station used to put gasoline into cars
gasohol pumps - like gasoline pumps but puts gasohol in cars instead
beefs up - makes greater, strengthens 
role - the position or purpose that someone or something has in a situation, organisation, society or relationship บทบาท
decades - periods of ten years เป็นสิบๆปี
joint - do some activity or project together; belonging to or shared between two or more people ความร่วมมือกัน
venture - a new activity, usually in business, which involves risk or uncertainty ธุริกิจเสี่ยงแต่สามารถทำกำไรได้
vibration - a very small shaking movement that is fast and continuous

mass rapid transit - same as "mass transit" above (but stressing that it is "quick")
rapid - very fast, happening quickly อย่างรวดเร็ว
capital - money invested in a business
extension - an increase in the power of effect of something ขยายขอบเขตออกไป
extension lines - extra train lines to go to more places farther away
route - the way that planes, buses, trains, or ships travel regularly เส้นทางของรถ เรือ เครื่องบิน,etc.
benefit - to help someone มีประโยชน์ต่อ
bearing - a mechanical part that separates moving parts and is able to bear a load (See Wikipedia)
bear a load - carry or holding up something heavy
bridge bearing - (civil engineering) "The support at a bridge pier carrying the weight of the bridge; may be fixed or seated on expansion rollers" (Source: Answers.com)
pot bearings - (civil engineering) another kind of "bearing" (See article, challenge: find definition of this term on the web)
expansion - when something increases in size, number or importance การขยายออก
joint - a connection, a place where two parts of something are connected

investment - taking your money and putting it into projects to make a profit or earn interest (buying stock shares, bonds, real estate)
recipient - a person who receives something
intensive - involving a lot of effort, energy, or attention
strategy - a plan to achieve a goal over a longer period of time (longer than a "tactic")
brand (noun) - a type of product made by a particular company ตรา, ยี่ห้อ
brand (verb) - create a name for some product (so people can start identifying it and thinking about it)
annual - happening once a year ประจำปี
production capacity - the amount of something that can be produced ความสามารถในการ (ผลิต)
domestic - ในประเทศ within the country
contribute - when one person among many gives things (resources) to a project
significant - important สำคัญ
chunk - a part of something
contribute a significant chunk - give many important things (resources) to a project  
revenue - income from taxes or business activities รายได้

facility - a building used for a particular purpose
manufacturing facility - a factory, a building used for making goods (manufacturing goods)
destination - the place where someone is going จุดหมายปลายทาง
destination - a place where tourists go
potential - the possibility of success ที่มีศักยภาพ ที่เป็นไปได้
strong market potential - has a good chance of being sold to many customers in a market (and gaining a large market share of the market)
natural - found in nature (not made in a factory by humans) ตามธรรมชาติ
fine quality rubber - high quality rubber
fire extinguishers - a can of chemicals used to spray on a fire, to end (put out) the fire
insecticide - chemicals to kill insects
premium - the highest (the highest price for the highest quality)
premium grade - the highest level of quality of a product offered by a company
premium grade rubber - the highest level of quality of rubber you can buy
risk - danger, how likely or possible it is for a bad event that causes harm and damage ความเสี่ยง
stemming from - coming from, being caused by
volatile - changing quickly and unpredictably, so that the public does not know how to react and plan for the future เปลี่ยนแปลงอย่างทันทีทันใดและโดยคาดการณ์ไม่ได้
volatile - sudden and unexpected large movements (unpredictable)
process - a series of actions that you take in order to achieve a result แนวทางปฏิบัติ, กระบวน, วิธีการ

3G - third generation mobile phone,  the next level of mobile phone services beyond the current second generation (2G), supports broadband internet, supports greater numbers of voice and data customers especially in urban areas (See Wikipedia on 3G)
economic rent - excess returns above normal levels or what is really needed because there is a lack of competition in a market and some participants have exclusive privileges, more technically in economics the definition runs, "an excess distribution to any factor in a production process above the amount required to draw the factor into the process or to sustain the current use of the factor" or "a return in excess of the resource owner's opportunity cost" (See Wikipedia)
CAT, CAT Telecom -  the Thai state-owned telecommunications company that owns Thailand’s international telecommunications infrastructure including its international gateways, satellite and submarine cable networks connections. Until recently, CAT had a monopoly on international telephony and CDMA mobile telephony. CAT partners with sister state-enterprise TOT to provide a GSM mobile service and with Hutchison to provide a CDMA mobile service. Corporatized in July 2003, CAT Telecom used to be known as the Communications Authority of Thailand (See Wikipedia)
monolithic - a very large and powerful organization or system that is not willing to change
telecommunications - dealing with telephones การโทรคมนาคม หมายถึง การสื่อสารทางไกลโดยใช้โทรศัพท์ เคเบิล โทรทัศน์ วิทยุและโทรเลข
monopoly - a company that has complete control over a market for a service or a good because it is the only company that provides it
concession - official permission from the government to do a certain type of business or activity สัมปทาน
scaled down - reduced in size
commensurate with... - suitable and matching the value or position of...
auction - a usually public sale of goods or property, where people make higher and higher bids (= offers of money) for each thing, until the thing is sold to the person who will pay most การขายโดยการประมูล, การขายทอดตลาด (See Wikipedia)
labour union - an organization that represents workers in an industry trying to get them better pay, benefits and work conditions (See Wikipedia)
barrage - an attack with guns fired and bombs dropped for a long period of time
lawsuit - a case that a court of law is asked to decide involving a disagreement between two people or organisations คดีที่อยู่ในระหว่างการฟ้องร้อง

third generation mobile phone - same as "3G" above
licence - official permission from government to do a business or some activity
3G licence - official permission from the government for a company to sell 3G mobile phone service
hurdle - a problem that you must solve before you can do something successfully อุปสรรค
legal hurdle - a legal problem that must be solved before a project can go forward
halt - to stop หยุด
bid - an attempt to do something ความพยายาม
potential - possible ความเป็นไปได้
obstacle - a difficulty or problem that prevents you from achieving something อุปสรรค ขวากหนาม
legal obstacle - a legal problem that prevents you from achieving your goal
pressure - trying to force someone to do something
file - to take official action, in this case, to make an official complaint ยื่นคำร้อง
Administrative Court - the court which deals with disputes between the private sector and government agencies ศาลปกครอง 
dismiss - official decision by a court that a legal case in the court should end and not continue
stall - when a process stops temporarliy due to problems
process - a series of actions that you take in order to achieve a result แนวทางปฏิบัติ, กระบวน, วิธีการ
stall the process - prevent the process from completing
grounds - reasons for what you say or do บนมูลเหตุว่า บนพื้นฐานว่า
on the grounds that... - for the reason that...

authority - the power to make decisions or tell people what to do อำนาจ, อำนาจในการสั่งการ
provisional - for the present time but likely to change; temporary ชั่วคราว,เฉพาะกาล
petition - to ask someone in authority to do something ยื่นคำร้อง
petition - a formal request for action to be taken, made to a court of law การยื่นอุทธรณ์
ruling - a decision by a court of law คำตัดสิน คำชี้ขาด
interests - connections that you may benefit from or lose from, therefore affects your attitude to it and the way you deal with it
operators - companies running a certain kind of  business
national - for the whole country, all over the whole country
telecom - telecommunications, dealing with telephones การโทรคมนาคม หมายถึง การสื่อสารทางไกลโดยใช้โทรศัพท์ เคเบิล โทรทัศน์ วิทยุและโทรเลข
regulator - an official who makes certain that the companies who operate a system work effectively and fairly ผู้มีอำนาจควบคุม
relief - a feeling of happiness that something unpleasant has not happened or has ended การผ่อนคลาย

scheduled - planned to happen at a particular time or day ตามตารางเวลา
kick off - start
taking part - joining in an activity
legal rights - things that you should get according to the law สิทธิ ...
exercise legal right - take action to get what the law says your should have
party - one of the people or groups of people involved in an official argument, arrangement or similar situation คู่กรณี
direct - event U happens and affects Z immediately
indirect - event U happens then affects V which affects W which affects ..... and so on ... until it affects Z
directly damaged party - the person who suffered the first damage or harm
board - board or directors, the highest governing group in a company or organization, the group that sets the high level policy for the organization
rule - (of a court or other group with similar authority) to make and announce a decision ตัดสิน, พิพากษา, ชี้ขาด
bill - a written document containing a proposal for a new law ญัตต
ิNational Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) - a proposed combined telecoms and broadcasting regulator 
Frequency Allocation bill - a proposed law (See next entry)
Radio Frequency Allocation Act - the Thai law regarding the allocation of frequencies or spectrum to different uses and businesses

TOT - a Thai state-owned telecommunications company. Originally established in 1954 and corporatized in 2002, TOT's main line of business is fixed line telephony, although it has several other businesses, including mobile telephony. (See Wikipedia)
stand to be... - it will likely happen that...
issued - made available ออกใหม่
core - most important แก่น สิ่งที่สำคัญที่สุด
revenue - income from taxes or business activities รายได้
concession - official permission from the government to do a certain type of business or activity สัมปทาน
dispute - fight, argument, a serious disagreement การโต้เถียง, ความขัดแย้ง ข้อพิพาท
spectrum - a range of radio waves used for radio communications ความถี่คลื่นวิทยุที่ใช้ในการสื่อสาร
raged on - continued in an angry fashion
reclaim - to take back something that was yours เรียกกลับคืน, เอากลับ
retain - keep
terminated - ended
replacement - something that takes the place of another ผู้การทำหน้าที่แทน, การทำหน้าที่แทน
valid - legally accepted ชอบด้วยกฎหมาย
expire - to come to an end or stop being in use หมดอายุ

credit - loans
credit card - a plastic card used to buy things with, the money is loaned to the credit card holder until they pay it back (See Wikipedia)
fraud - the crime of gaining money by tricking or lieing การโกง การตุ้มตุ๋น (See Wikipedia)
electronic banking fraud - using the internet to trick people into providing their secret bank account passwords and then using them to withdraw money from accounts (SeeWikipedia on "Phishing" or identity theft)
transnational crime - when a criminal or gang engages in crime in many different countries อาชญากรรมข้ามชาติ
international credit card data theft - stealing credit card data via the internet and computer networks in order to use it to steal money from people's credit card accounts (See Wikipedia)
PCI - Payment Card Industry, all the different types of cards used by consumers such as credit cards, ATM cards, debit cards and prepaid cards and all the businesses associated with these cards (See Wikipedia)
secure - safe from attack or harm ปลอดภัย
security - the activity of making safe or protecting from harm
data security - making data stored on a computer safe
Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard - "a worldwide information security standard defined by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council. The standard was created to help payment card industry organizations that process card payments prevent credit card fraud through increased controls around data and its exposure to compromise" (See Wikipedia)

take seriously - treat as important (not just laugh and ignore)
compliance - following a rule or law
gone to great lengths - worked hard and did many things to achieve goals, made great efforts
secure - safe from attack or harm ปลอดภัย
aware - knowing that something exists, or having knowledge or experience of a particular thing ทราบ
chips - the small pieces inside a computer that are the brain of a computer
acquire - get
terminal - a computer screen and keyboard that is connected to a computer system or network
acquiring terminals - a small computer device used to enter credit card data into (when buying something with the credit card)
hack - entering another person's computer illegally to get or change information (See Wikipedia)
hack-proof - protected from hacking, secure from hacking
receipt - a piece of paper that shows and proves that you gave money to someone (for example: as payment for goods)
obfuscated - to make something difficult to understand on purpose (as a form of security or protection)
stray - move away from the correct path or place where it should be
receipt - a piece of paper which proves that money, goods or information have been received
stray receipt -a receipt that is lost (and that a thief could get and use to steal money with) 
open the door for - create an opportunity for

security - the activity of making safe or protecting from harm
security checks - a check for things that might cause harm, damage or loss (examples: a security check before entering a building, a security check to make sure that computer data has not been  tampered with)
scan - to look through an area to find objects in the area
scanning the air - looking through the air to find something (here: private financial data being sent between computers)
access - the ability to enter a place การเข้าสู่
rogue - behaving in an unusual and possibly dangerous way ที่น่าสงสัยว่าจะก่อให้เกิดอันตราย
access points - places where one can "go into" or "enter" a system
outbound - going out of a place
retailer - companies in the business of operating many stores (examples: Lotus or 7-11)
TJ Maxx - a chain of large stores in the US that sell clothes, "in 2007, the company disclosed a computer security breach dating to 2005. Hackers gained access to information on more than 45 million credit and debit card accounts for transactions since January 2003"  (See Wikipedia on this famous case)
database - a large amount of information stored in a computer in an organised way ฐานข้อมูล

network - a large system of connected parts, here: connected computers เครือข่าย
data - facts or information used for making calculations or decisions ข้อมูล
breach - a whole or opening made in a wall (especially during an attack)
data breach - when an outsider (intruder) breaks into a computer system and gets data or changes data
rectify - correct something that is wrong
issuing - officially giving something to people ออกคำสั่ง
merchants - people or companies that buy and sell things
linked - connected เชื่อมโยง
POS - Point of Sale System, computer terminals in stores to process buy transactions of customers, an "electronic cash register"  (See Wikipedia)
vendors - sellers พ่อค้า
transmits data securely - sending data over a computer network safely (without danger that someone will get access to the data)
compliant - following rules The issues created by converting to IFRS are not always immediately obvious. For example,
in the clear - have no problems

vendor - seller of goods พ่อค้า, แม่ค้า
process - a series of actions that you take in order to achieve a result แนวทางปฏิบัติ, กระบวน, วิธีการ
process the card - record and use the information on a credit card when someone buys something with the card
take down card details - write down (or enter into a computer file) the information on a person's credit card
raid - suddenly entering a place by force to steal money or goods
audit - an official examination of company financial records to see that they are correct (and to check for fraud)
unaudited - there has been no official examination of company financial records to see if they are correct 
identity theft - a crime of fraud in which someone uses another person's name (identity) to get access to their money or assets or to take out loans or purchase things using their name (See Wikipedia)
compensation - money that someone receives because something bad has happened to them เงินชดเชย
compensation bill - money that has to be paid to someone because of harm or damage that you did to them
comforting - makes you feel good, calm, and relaxed (not worrying)
Not a comforting thought. - thinking about this bad thing makes your worry (that it might happen to you)

do you mind if I... - do you not like it if I do this.... (example: "Do you mind if I smoke?")
nobody seems to mind - no one says or indicates they don't like it
concerned - worried about something มีความกังวล
genuinely concerned - really very concerned (not faking it)
privacy - the freedom to do things without other people watching you or knowing what you are doing ความเป็นส่วนตัว
risk - the possibility that something dangerous or unpleasant might happen ความเสี่ยง
the problem lies with Y - Y is the cause or origin of the problem 
enforce - to make sure laws are obeyed
specifications - detailed information about how something should be done or is made (includeds requirements, design, details, features)
liable - legally responsible for loss or harm caused มีความรับผิดชอบตามกฎหมาย
foot the bill - pay the bill

commodities - goods with every unit the same (every kilo of rice is the same, for example), usually bought in large quantities สินค้าที่ซื้อเป็นจำนวนมากๆ
commodity exchanges - a place where people buy and sell large amounts of commodities and derivative products such as commodity futures and options which are discussed below (See Wikipedia)
Chicago Mercantile Exchange
spot markets - market in which commodities are sold for delivery right now 
futures markets - market in which commodities are sold for delivery at a future date
participants - people joining an activity, who get involved in the activity
predict - say what you think will happen in the future
prospects - the possibility or likelihood that something will happen

commodities - goods with every unit the same (every kilo of rice is the same, for example), usually bought in large quantities สินค้าที่ซื้อเป็นจำนวนมากๆ
envy (verb) - wanting something that another person for yourself
enviable (adjective) - something other people would also like to have
holds the enviable position - is in a nice situation that other people would like to be in too
tapioca - cassava, an important food source of carbohydrates, also source of ethanol car fuel (See Wikipedia) มันสำปะหลัง
frozen - turned to ice (with a freezer)
natural - as in nature (not by humans) ตามธรรมชาติ
capitalise on - to use a situation or event to gain some advantage for yourself, to get what you need
compete (verb) - 1. to try to get something that other people also want (example: the two restaurants compete for the same customers who live in the area), 2. to try to win a game
competitive (adjective) 
competitive advantage - something that helps you win the game (or be the one who gets the thing that everyone wants, that everyone is competing for)
establish - to start something that will likely continue for a long time สถาปนา, ก่อตั้ง, จัดตั้ง
global - throughout the world ทั่วโลก
efficient - producing a lot using few resources
efficient - doing a task with no waste of time, money or energy
fluctuations - value going up and down
consumers - people who buy things (individuals and families)

ripening - cropt is growing and approaching the time when it must be picked and harvested
field - to use a person as your representative ส่งต้วแทน
bumper - bigger or more successful than usual จำนวนมาก มากกว่าปกติ
bumper crop - a very good crop with a lot of vegetables and fruit
uncertain - don't know what will happen, not 100% sure ไม่มั่นใจ
collapse - falling down suddenly ล้ม พังครืน
freak - very different and unlikely to happen
freak storm - a big storm that no one expected (so probably caused a lot of damage)
futures - a contract to buy something in the future, a contract that is traded on a public exchange, so the price reflects current expectations about the value of the underlying asset (See Economist Glossary on derivatives) การซื้อขายล่วงหน้า
offset - reduce by moving in the opposite direction (example: losses in the main business offset by profit in one of the subsidiaries, See glossary)
profit - money that you make from selling goods and services after all your costs have been paid กำไร
option - a type of derivative that gives the right to sell or buy an asset at a particular price before a given date (See Economist glossary)
a derivative - a asset that are built on top of the value of another asset, their value is "derived" from the underlying asset
a put option - the right to sell an asset at a particular price before a given date, being used in the Thai government rice price insurance program (See Wikipedia)
derivatives - futures, options, swaps, etc (a financial asset that "derives" it value from other financial assets such as stocks, bonds, commodities, interest rates, exchange rates, and stock price indices; See Economist Glossary and Wikipedia) อนุภัณฑ์
commodities future option - an option used used as a tool to protect (hedge) against the danger (risk) of price changes (fluctuations) in a commodity that you are producing and/or selling (snd will therefore have to own either now or later)

scale - size (relative size)
small scale farms - farms that are smaller compared to others
on a larger scale - larger compared to others
price shocks - sudden changes in price (caused by some event like bad weather, for example)
hedge - take action to protect from harm (by purchasing a risk in the opposite direction that offsets the risk that you have)
hedge against an increase in price - taking action to protect yourself from price increases that could hurt you (by buying commodity futures or options, for example)

Agricultural Futures Exchange of Thailand (AFET) - Thailand's future exchange for agricultural commodities (See website)
Thailand Futures Exchange (TFEX) - Thailand's futures exchange, a subsidiary of the Stock Exchange of Thailand, includes gold futures, stock index futures and government bond futures (See website)
chips - a small piece (that has been broken off a larger piece)
guru - a person who is respected for their knowledge of a particular subject and who gives advice ครู
Jim Rodgers - a college professor and famous investor from the US, creator of the Rogers International Commodities Index (RICI) and co-founder of a hedge fund named the Quantum Fund, he is based both in Miami and in Singapore (See Wikipedia)
potential - the possibility of success ที่มีศักยภาพ ที่เป็นไปได้
returns - the money an investor receives over time from making his investment
equities - stock shares in a company that represent partial ownership of the company หุ้น
plenty - having more than enough อุดมสมบูรณ์
evidence - facts statements or objects that help to prove whether or not something is true or not หลักฐาน
contention - a statement or assertion that fact is truth made during an argument or discussion
support his contention - provide facts (evidence) to show that what he said (contention) is true (prove)
skyrocketed - increased suddenly by a very large amount ที่สูงขึ้นมาก
massive - very large in size, amount or numberใหญ่โต
banned - officially not allowed to do something ถูกห้าม ห้ามอย่างเป็นทางการ ถูกตัดสิทธิ
albeit - although, though

traded - bought and sold ค้าขาย
factors - the different things that affect the outcome of a situation, event, or decision ปัจจัย
local - in this country
funds - money needed or available to spend on something เงินทุน
qualifications - the abilities, qualities, degrees, etc. that you need for a particular job or activity
trade - the buying and selling of goods การค้าขาย

capital - money invested in a business (See glossary)
capital markets - markets in which investments in companies (stocks, bonds, derivatives) are bought and sold
merging - joining together into one
co-operation - working together on some activity (and helping the other person)
attract - to cause someone to be interested in something ดึงดูดความสนใจ
international - from foreign countries
policy - a set of plans or action agreed on by a government, political party, business, or other group นโยบาย (See Wikipedia)
provide - to give someone something that they want or need
active - doing an activity (opposite: dormant)
proxy - a person or company who acts for another person or company, act as an "agent" for another ตัวแทน
deepen the market - increase market depth
market depth - a liquid market with many buyers and sellers, easy to buy or sell in, only very large buy-sell transactions can move prices (See Wikipedia)
critical - extremely important because a future situation will be affected by it สำคัญยิ่ง
critical mass - the minimum or smallest amount needed to get something to start working (people, resources, chemicals)
confidence - feeling sure about something ความมั่นใจ, ความเชื่อมั่น feel sure about something

speculators - investors who put their money at risk in hope of making more money when an asset increases in value
benefit - to help someone มีประโยชน์ต่อ
generate - create สร้าง กระตุ้นให้เิกิด
benefits - goods things that can happen from an activity ผลประโยชน์
long-term benefits - good things that can happen from doing an acticity for a long period of time
stability - not changing suddenly and unpredictably, without harmful changes ความมั่นคง ความมีเสถียรภาพ
stable - not changing frequently and not likely to suddenly become worse คงที่, มั่นคง
stable - firmly fixed, not likely to move or change a lot, not likely to fail คงที่ ไม่เปลี่ยนแปลง
secure - safe from attack or harm ปลอดภัย

inflation targeting - adjusting monetary policy and interest rates upwards and downwards based on forecast inflation in order to keep future inflation within a given range (See Wikipedia)
monetary policy - the policy of the central bank in influencing the cost and availability of credit through interest rates and other measures, with the goals of promoting economic growth, full employment, price stability and balanced trade with other countries (See Google definitions)
1997 Asian Crisis - (See Wikipedia)
explicit - said in a very clear way (so there can be no misunderstanding about what is meant)
vested interests - people who will benefit from things happening in a certain way or from certain decisions being made (so they try to steer events to benefit them)
manipulating - trying to control events or some activity for your own benefit in a dishonest way

monetary policy - the policy of the central bank in influencing the cost and availability of credit through interest rates and other measures, with the goals of promoting economic growth, full employment, price stability and balanced trade with other countries  (See Google definitions)
Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) - the group of people in the central bank that make monthly decisions on Thailand's monetary policy คณะกรรมการนโยบายการเงิน
cycle - a series of events repeated over and over again (in the same order)
policy - a set of plans or action agreed on by a government, political party, business, or other group นโยบาย (See Wikipedia)
interest - payments made for the use of another's money for a period of time
interest rate - a percentage of the total amount loaned by a bank that it charges as a fee (interest) for borrowing money (the principal) 
policy interest rate - an interest rate set by the government central bank to supply the amount of credit and money in an economy นโยบายหรือการกำหนดอัตราดอกเบี้ยของแบงค์ชาติ
definite - certain, specific, clearly decided
historically low - if compared with the past (history), it is low
suitability - what is right or appropriate in a certain situation
justified - right in doing what they did, had a good reason for doing it
timing - doing something at the right time
come to light - find out and discover something you did not know yet
process - a series of actions that you take in order to achieve a result แนวทางปฏิบัติ, กระบวน, วิธีการ
decision-making process - all the actions taken before a decision is made, to make sure the decision is the right or best one (example: asking people affected by decision (feedback))
central bank - the government's bank that controls all the other banks in a country, sets monetary policy, maintains the stability of the national currency and money supply, sets interest rates and inflation targets, saves failing banks as a lender of last resort during times of financial crisis (See Wikipedia )
Bank of Thailand (BOT) - Thailand's central bank (Read description at Mahidol University)
inflation - the level of prices rising in the economy as a whole (See Economist Glossary) อัตราเงินเฟ้อ ภาวะเงินเฟ้อ
target - the amount you are planning to achieve เป้าหมาย
targeting - aiming an attack or criticism against someone; trying to have an effect on a particular group of people
targeting - directing advertising, criticism or a product at someone เล็งไปที่
decade - a period of ten years ทศวรรษ
initial - early; first ในเบื้องต้น
introduction - bring something to place to a place for the first time (so it can be used there)
range - a number of different things that are of the same general type ขอบข่าย, ประเภท
annual - happening once a year ประจำปี
core - the most important and central part แก่น สิ่งที่สำคัญที่สุด, ส่วนสำคัญ

advocate - to publicly support and recommend สนับสนุน
explicit - said in a very clear way (so that people will understand for sure)
explicit monetary policy rule - a very clear rule for monetary policy (that market particpants and banks can understand easily)
attest - showing that something is true (giving evidence or proof that it is true)
authority - the power to make decisions or tell people what to do อำนาจ, อำนาจในการสั่งการ
money printing authority - the government agency in charge of making money (printing bills and minting coins)
rampant - existing, happening or spreading in an uncontrolled way รุกลาม อาละวาด กำเริบ รุนแรงจนควบคุมไว้ไม่ได้
run rampant - moving in an uncontrolled way
harm - damage ความเสียหาย
prescribing - stating officially what should be done in a situation
guarantees - to make it certain that something will exist or happen
minimum - the smallest possible
independence - not being influenced by or dependent on other people เป็นหน่วยงานอิสระ
reason - an explanation of an event, why an event happened เหตุ ; เหตุผล ; สาเหตุ
pressure - when people are being pushed or forced to so something
political pressure - when politicians force people to do things (example: force central bank to change monetary policy)
had their share of Y - experienced a lot of Y 
respond - to say or do something as a reaction to something that has been said or done ตอบสนอง, ตอบรับ
demands - the things that someone is asking you to do
liquidity - the availability of cash and loans in the economy (through loans) to businesses and consumers (to meet their needs)
liquidity - the ability to reduce assets to cash quickly by selling them without losing money (when confidence collapses and everyone is selling this is difficult) สภาพคล่อง
loan - an amount of money that a person, business, or country borrows, especially from a bank เงินกู้
crisis - an urgent, difficult or dangerous situation วิกฤต
savings and loan crisis - a very large banking crisis in the US during the 1980s and 1990s in which the US government had to bail out hundreds of banks (See Wikipedia)
fixed exchange rate - when the value of a country's currency is tied or matched to the value of another single country's currency or a combination of other countries' currencies, also called a "pegged exchange rate" (See Wikipedia)
widely adopted - many people used
nothing short of Y - Y was the situation (even though Y was very bad and almost unbelievable) 
currency - a widely used the money accepted for exchange of goods in an economy เงินตรา (See Wikipedia)
collapse - falling suddenly ล้ม พังครืน

wreak havoc- to cause great harm, damage and destruction
scale - size (relative size)
practice - a way of doing something การปฏิบัติ
in practice - as it is actually done, as people actually do it (not just ideas or theory)
accommodating monetary policy - same as "accommodative monetary policy" (See next item)
accommodative monetary policy - making more credit and loans available
taming inflation - controlling inflation (reducing inflation and its bad effects)
critics - people who don't like something and who state their opinion about it นักวิจารณ์
critics - people who look for things that are wrong and bad about a project or idea
lack - does not have ขาดแคลน
emphasis - special importance or attention that is given to one thing in particular การเน้นย้ำ
direct - A affects D, changes immediately, changes straightaway
indirect - A affects B affects C affects ...[many steps in between].... affects D
wiggle room - some flexibility or room for changing what you are doing (here: flexibility in policy)
contrast - a noticeable difference, a difference between two things when you compare them ความแตกต่าง
targets - goals or levels you plan to achieve

X appreciates against Y (verb) - currency X increased in value compared to currency Y   ค่าเงินของ x เพิ่มขึ้น เมื่อเทียบกับค่าเงินของ y
appreciation (noun)
competitiveness (noun) - how well a business or country can do compared to others (does it have lower price or higher quality?) การแข่งขัน
competitive (adjective)
export-competitiveness - how attractive a country's exports are compared to those of other countries (lower price? higher quality?)
consumer - a person or family (household) that buys and uses goods and services  ผู้บริโภค
X dependent on Y - X needs Y to continue existence (continue living, continue in business, )
heavily dependent - very dependent 
generated by - created by    

greenback - US dollar
concerns - feelings of worry about some important issue
concerns mount - concerns increase
mount - to increase เพิ่มขึ้น
competitiveness - how well a business or country can do compared to others (does it have lower price or higher quality?) การแข่งขัน
export-competitiveness - how well a country's exports sell compared to other countries (based on lower price or higher quality)
X gains ground against Y - X moving faster than Y (eventually will catch up to)
central bank - the government's bank that controls all the other banks in a country, sets monetary policy, maintains the stability of the national currency and money supply, sets interest rates and inflation targets, saves failing banks as a lender of last resort during times of financial crisis (See Wikipedia)
currency - a widely used the money accepted for exchange of goods in an economy เงินตรา (See Wikipedia)

traded - bought and sold ค้าขาย
prompting - causing
concerns - worries ความกังวล
policy - a set of plans or action agreed on by a government, political party, business, or other group นโยบาย (See Wikipedia)
global - throughout the world ทั่วโลก
contrast - a noticeable difference between two things when comparing ความแตกต่าง
devaluation - when a currency becomes less valuable or "weaker" compared to other currencies (meaning that less of the currency buys the same amount of goods as before) การลดค่าเงินบาท
bid - an attempt to do something ความพยายาม
boost - to increase; to strengthen เพิ่ม; ทำให้มีกำลังมากขึ้น

appreciating - when a currency is increasing in value compared to other currencies (this makes the countries more expensive and less competitive on international markets)
rank - the position or level in a group given by the order: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th,... (example: an employee in an organization, sportsman in competition, country among all countries, etc) that an employee has in an organisation
rank - someone's official position in the armed forces, police, fire services, etc. ตำแหน่ง
in terms of - measured by
appreciation - when a country's currency becomes more valuable compared to the currencies of other countries (which makes goods exported from the country more expensive) 
revenues - the money that a company receives from selling its product รายรับ

main driver of the economy - the most important thing that is making the economy keep moving and growing
surging - increasing very quickly, very suddenly (like a big wave or tsunami)
year-on-year  - compared to the same period last year (example: year-on-year export figures for the month of March )
capital - money invested in a business 
capital inflows - investment money coming into a country, either in the form of portfolio investment (stocks, bonds, etc) or Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) 
trade - the buying and selling of goods การค้าขาย
surplus - an amount above zero, above the required or necessary amount (opposite: deficit)
trade surplus - when a country exports more than it imports 
investment - taking your money and putting it into projects to make a profit or earn interest (buying stock shares, bonds, real estate)
factor - a fact or situation which influences the result of something ปัจจัย
intervention - becoming involved in a situation and trying to change it การแทรกแซง
central bank - the government's bank that controls all the other banks in a country, sets monetary policy, maintains the stability of the national currency and money supply, sets interest rates and inflation targets, saves failing banks as a lender of last resort during times of financial crisis (See Wikipedia)
reserves - the amount of foreign currency or gold held by a national bank, which is used for dealing with the national banks of other countries เงินสำรอง
record - the best or most ever achieved สถิติ

monitoring - regularly checking an ongoing activity or process (to check for problems or collect information) จับตาดู
adjust - to change something slightly, especially to make it more correct, effective, or suitable ปรับ
environment - the situation in which people or organizations live, work and do business (with all the conditions that affect them in this situation)
risk - the possibility that something dangerous or unpleasant might happen ความเสี่ยง
hedging - protect from losing money if the value of shares, currencies or raw materials changes, by using derivatives such as futures or options, another way of looking at it: reduce risk by purchasing other offsetting risks (securities with prices that move in the opposite direction, for example) (Sees The Economist glossary)
hedging against currency risk - protecting yourself against the risk that the assets you hold will lose value due to big changes in the exchange rate of 
recovery - when the economy gets better (more jobs, higher incomes) การฟื้นฟูสภาพ
target - goal, the amount you are planning to achieve เป้าหมาย
jeopardy - in danger of being harmed or damaged

efforts - the work done towards achieving some goal, people trying to accomplish something, achieve a goal ความพยายาม
adopt - to accept or to start using something new นำมาใช้
measures - actions taken to deal with a problem มาตราการ
stabilise - to reach a state where there are no longer any major changes or problems ทำให้มีเสถียรภาพ
chamber of commerce - a network of local business people that pursues the following goals: 1. promotion of trade in their local area, 2. pushing for local regulations that support business, 3. collecting useful information and statistics, 4. settlement of disputes between members by means of arbitration, 5. advocating for business friendly policies at the state, local, federal, and international levels (SeeWikipedia)
Thai Chamber of Commerce - a chamber of commerce for the whole country of Thailand (See website)
sector - a part of the economy (public sector = government, private sector = all businesses, household sector = families and consumers, banking sector,...)  ภาคเศรษฐกิจของประเทศ (See Wikipedia)
private sector - all the businesses in an economy or country
tolerate - to accept something unpleasant without becoming impatient or angry ทน ยอม
stronger baht - when the baht becomes more valuable compared to other currencies (same: baht appreciates)
X so long as Y - if Y continues then X can continue too
moved in line with - moved together with, moved in the same direction as

going forward - in the future
foreign exchange risk - the danger of losing money because a foreign currency you are holding falls in value before you can change it back into your own currency
Thai National Shippers' Council (TNSC) - a trade association for Thai companies that export goods (See website)
a trade association - an organisation joining together all the companies in an industry in a country to represent them and defend their rights (See Wikipedia)
suffer - to experience physical or mental pain
import - products from another country entering the country นำเข้า
content - the parts of a good
import content - the parts of a product that were imported and brought in from outside the country
food processing - the methods and techniques used to transform raw food ingredients into food (See Wikipedia)
Food Processing Industry Club - a trade association in Thailand of companies in the food processing industry
local - in this country Thailand
local firms selling abroad - Thai companies selling goods to other countries
shrimp and chicken processors - companies that turn shrimp and chicken and produce food products to be sold in stores with it

suffering - physical or mental pain or problems ความทุกข์ทรมาน
margin - the amount by which a competition or election is won
expected - believe will happen คาดว่า (จะเกิดขึ้น)
significantly - in an important way อย่างสำคัญ
quarter - one or more people who provide help, information or a particular reaction to something but who are not usually named
third quarter - the last three months of the year (a time period used for budgeting and financial reporting in companies)                  
Federation of Thai Industries (FTI) - an industry association in Thailand that brings together leading business leaders to promote development in Thailand (See website and Wikipedia)
project - saying what they think will happen in the future (predict, forecast)
business plan - "a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reasons why they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals" (See Wikipedia)

business networking - when business people meet and get to know each other (See Wikipedia)
relationship - when two or more people or organizations have a close involvement and interactions with each other (examples: business relationship, romantic relationship)
automatically - without people doing anything
National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) - the Thai government agency driving rapid science and technology development (See description)
business plan - "a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reasons why they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals" (See Wikipedia)
business plan competition - an event in which many students present their business ideas and plans, judges decide which are the ones most likely to succeed, most business schools have such a competition (See video on how to win)
bridges the gap - connects two things that are not connected (starts communication and relationship building)
2010 World RoboCup competition - a recent competition in Singapore in which students compete to build the best robot (See website)  
human resources - people with the knowledge and skills they possess, put to use by organizations and companies when they are hired as employees (See Wikipedia)
collaboration - working with other others to produce things and achieve goals
joint ventures - a company owned and operated by two or more other companies

expo - an event with large numbers of people coming to view things being shown (new products, technology, art, information about a country)
due - expected to happen or should happen มีกำหนด
operators - companies running a certain kind of business
exhibit - show something publicly, so people can learn about it

on hand - have, exist, are present at a place
Queen Sirikit National Convention Center - a large building used for events, conferences and fairs, located in dowentown Bangkok, connected to the rest of the city by subway, opened in 1991 (See Wikipedia)
entrepreneurs - business people เจ้าของกิจการ
policy - a set of plans or action agreed on by a government, political party, business, or other group to guide decisions and achieve outcomes นโยบาย (See Wikipedia)
in line with - agreeing with, following
enhance - to improve the quality, amount or strength of something ทำให้ดีเพิ่มขึ้น, ทำให้ดีขึ้น
competitiveness - how well a business can do compared to other firms (does it have lower price or higher quality?) การแข่งขัน

highlighted - emphasized; stressed; made more noticeable ที่เน้นย้ำ
substance - some kind of solid, gas or liquid (example: wood is a solid substance and water is a liquid substance)
allergy - a medical condition when a person is oversensitive and reacts negatively to some substance in the food, in the air or from some other contact (See Wikipedia)
drug allergies - when a patient has a negative allergic reaction to some drug (See Wikipedia)
efficiency - waste little time, energy and resources in doing a task (minimize time, energy and resources in performing a task) (See glossary) การทำงานอย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ คุ้มค่าเวลาและใช้พลังงานหรือต้นทุนในการผลิตน้อย เพื่อให้ได้ผลผลิตมาก
marine - relating to the sea and creatures that live in it เกี่ยวกับทะเล
breeding - the keeping of animals or plants in order to produce young animals from them การผสมพันธุ์สัตว์เพื่อขยายพันธุ์
concrete -
artificial - not natural, made by humans จำลอง ที่มนุษย์สร้างขึ้น ที่ประดิษฐ์ขึ้น
simulation - imitation of a real thing or situation, an artificial copy but with lifelike features (See Wikipedia)
orthodontistry (noun) - dental treatment to put teeth into correct position so that they look better (cosmetic) and there is no "improper bite" (malocclusion) (See Wikipedia)
orthodontic (adjective)
models - a system, a simple description of how a system works (to help you understand it) 
match - to look the same as or very similar to something else ซึ่งไม่คู่ควร
bid - an attempt to do something ความพยายาม

licensed (adjective) - have official permission from government or a business to do some activity or use something that they control
license (noun) - official permission (See Wikipedia)
patent - legal rights to use an invention and to prevent the invention from being used by others, details of invention must be revealed to government patent office (See Wikipedia)
licencing patents - pay owner of patent to use the idea and technology in the patent 
technology licensing - when a company pays another company to use its technology
Technology Licensing Office - the office at a university or government in charge of selling technology developed within the university or country
joint - done with someone else ร่วมกัน
venture - a new business which involves risk or uncertainty ธุริกิจเสี่ยงแต่สามารถทำกำไรได้
joint ventures - a company owned and operated by two or more other companies
capital - money invested in a business (See glossary)
venture capital - private equity capital provided by professional outside investors to new, growth businesses. Cash is exchanged for shares in a usually high risk company with above-average returns (See Wikipedia)
fund - to provide money for something เงินทุน กองทุน, ให้เงินทุน
potential - possible ความเป็นไปได้
potential investors - possible investors
business model contests - see "business plan competition" above
state - government รัฐ
state universities - universities owned and operated by governments
appropriate - suitable, right for a certain situation or purpose
candidates - one of several people competing to be selected for some special position (job, elected government official, etc)

establish - to start a company or organization that will likely continue for a long time สถาปนา, ก่อตั้ง, จัดตั้ง
equity - money for a business that comes from owners, not borrowed money (debt) เงินลงทุน ที่มาจากการระดมหุ้นของหุ้นส่วน และผู้มีกรรมสิทธิ
investment - taking your money and putting it into projects to make a profit or earn interest (buying stock shares, bonds, real estate)
expand - to become larger ขายตัวออกไป

family businesses - a business largely owned and operated by the members of one family (See Wikipedia)
remote corners of X - places far away from the center, from the place where most people live
catering to the needs of Y - giving the group of people Y what they need 
fitting - what fits or is the right thing to do in a certain situation
at the forefront of Z - among the most advanced people or organizations doing activity Z
Community-Based Tourism (CBT) - tourism in local areas, managed by the local people themselves, for the benefit of the local people rather than large corporations located far away (See manual and Wikipedia)
Community Based Tourism Institute (CBT-I) - a Thai NGO devoted to promoting community-based tourism in Thailand (See website)
Songkran - "celebrated in Thailand as the traditional New Year's Day from 13 to 15 April. It coincides with the New Year of many calendars of South and Southeast Asia" (See Wikipedia)
festivities - a large and happy event, a celebration
teeming - containing a large number of things (people, animals, objects) all moving around
come down with - get sick with some disease

community - the people living in one particular area ชุมชน
Community-Based Tourism (CBT) - tourism in local areas, managed by the local people themselves, for the benefit of the local people rather than large corporations located far away (See manual and Wikipedia)
swap - giving something to another person who, in turn, gives you something, exchange 
practices - ways of doing commonly repeated tasks
best practices - the best ways of doing commonly repeated tasks
uphold - to show that you support something such as an idea by what you say or do สนับสนุน รับรอง พิทักษ์รักษา ยืนหนัด
fundamental - very important and essential พื้นฐาน รากฐานที่สำคัญ
objectives - goals; aims; things that you plan to achieve จุดมุ่งหมาย
grassroots - involving the ordinary people rather than their leaders ในระดับรากหญ้า, ชาวบ้าน
venture - a new business or activity
victims - people who are killed injured or harmed in some way from an accident, natural disaster, crime, etc.
victims of their own growing popularity - people who become popular but fail to use to benefit from the opportunity 
nationwide - including the whole country ทั่วประเทศ
meeting - when a group of people come together to discuss issues and make decisions การประชุม
attract - to cause someone to be interested in something ดึงดูดความสนใจ
environment - the natural world of land, sea, plants, and animals
eventually - at the end of a period of time or at the end of a process ในที่สุด
exercise - activity with a result or purpose behind it
self-defeating - in trying to solve a problem, creating more problems (which means you can't solve the original problem) 

Community Based Tourism Institute (CBT-I) - a Thai NGO devoted to promoting community-based tourism in Thailand (See website)
Thailand Research Fund (TRF) - an organization promoting research in Thailand (See website)
effort - an attempt to do something ความพยายาม
sustainable - able to be successfully continued for a long time ยั่งยืน, ถาวร
development - the gradual growth and formation of a country's economy
funded - given money to บริจาค
funded - money provided for operation of a business or organisation ให้ความช่วยเหลือทางการเงิน ให้เงินลงทุน
promotion - giving an employee a higher position or job than they already have
effort - activities of people working together to achieve a goal
stage - one point in time during a process or series of events
catering - the job or organising the food and drinks for an event such as a party or meeting การจัดเลี้ยง (See Wikipedia)
gone a step further - did something new (that went beyond the original idea)
home-stay - a form of tourism that allows the visitor to rent a room from a local family to better learn the local lifestyle as well as improve their language ability (See Wikipedia)
opportunities - situations in which it is possible to do what you want or need to do
local - in or related to the area that you live, or to the particular area that you are talking about ท้องถิ่น

tapped - used
demand - people or consumers wanting to buy goods and services ความต้องการ
learning experience - when you learn things during some activity
proponent - a public supporter of an idea, policy or plan
in line with - following, agreeing with
poverty - the condition of being extremely poor ความจน
alleviation - reducing the suffering and negative effects of something bad
national poverty alleviation - making poverty in a country less severe, reducing the negative effects 
uphold - to support and help something by what you say and do
uphold their cultures - to support and help a culture to grow strong and survive by what you say and do 
reason - an explanation of an event, why an event happened เหตุ ; เหตุผล ; สาเหตุ
income - money that people receive from work or some other source, used for household consumption and savings
rural - connected with the countryside outside big towns and cities ในชนบท, บ้านนอก
residents - people who live in a particular place or area ชาวบ้านในบริเวณ ผู้อาศัยในบริเวณ ราษฎรในบริเวณนั้น
preserve - to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from being damaged or destroyed ทำให้คงอยู่, สงวน อนุรักษ์
definitive - better than all the others
figures - statistics, numbers describing the economy  

issues - an important subect that people are discussing and debating about  ประเด็น
income distribution - the way that money (wealth, income) is spread throughout a society 
cited - mentioned (to support a point you are making or arguing) กล่าวถึง
results - what is produced in the end by an activity or task
Social Research Institute (SRI) - an institute devoted to research at Chiang Mai University 
traditional - things (clothes, music, customs, etc.) that have been part of a country or society for a long time
share - the smaller part received by one person when some big thing is divided up
household - a group of people, often a family, who live together ครัวเรือน
participate - to take part in or become involved in an activity มีส่วน
benefit - to get help or an advantage from something ผลประโยชน์

supply-side - in markets where goods are bought and sold, the side where the supply of goods comes from
climate - the general weather conditions usually found in a particular place สภาพอากาศ
factors - the different things that affect the outcome of a situation, event, or decision ปัจจัย
global - throughout the world ทั่วโลก
commodity - some basic good (food, fuel) sold in units of weight or quantity (kilos, liters) every unit being the same (if you buy one more kilo of rice that kilo is the same as the last kilo you bought) 
stockpiles - large amounts of something stored for future use
shot up - increase very quickly (like a rocket "shot" into the sky)
warehouse - a large building that a business uses to store goods in (see photo of rice warehouse on the right, also see Wikipedia)
sacks - a large and strong bag for caryying things (examples: sack of cement, sack of rice)
stacked - a pile of things, placed one on top of another

pick up - get better, go faster (here: prices increase)
demand - the need and desire to buy goods and services by households and businesses
expected - believe will happen คาดว่า (จะเกิดขึ้น)
X amid Y - X happened while Y was happening
resumption - to start or begin again เริ่มใหม่
climate change - long-term negative changes in weather patterns and temperature caused by changes in greenhouse gases (GHGs) (See Wikipedia)
Greehouse Gases (GHGs) -  gases in the Earth's atmosphere such carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone that are associated with climate change (See Wikipedia)
purchase - buy goods
purchase order - an order to buy goods, "a commercial document issued by a buyer to a seller, indicating types, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services the seller will provide to the buyer. Sending a PO to a supplier constitutes a legal offer to buy products or services" (See Wikipedia)
resumed - started again (after stopping)
flood - a large amount or number of something จำนวนมาก
flood of orders - a large amount of goods being ordered
anticipated - believe will happen, expected คาดว่าจะเกิดขึ้น
officer - a high level person in an organisation with special responsibilities (a government officer, a police officer, an army officer)
CP Intertrade - the subsidiary of the CP Group responsible for food exports
Ramadan - "the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. It is the Islamic month of fasting, in which participating Muslims refrain from eating, drinking and sexual relations from dawn until sunset. Fasting is intended to teach Muslims about patience, humility, and spirituality. It is a time for Muslims to fast for the sake of God (Arabic: الله‎, trans: Allah)" (See Wikipedia)

impact - an effect or influence ผลกระทบ
widespread - happening or existing in many places, or affecting many people อย่างแพร่หลาย
drought - a period of time when there is very little rain and water available ความแห้งแล้ง (See Wikipedia)
ban - to officially say that someone is not allowed to do something การห้าม  ห้ามอย่างเป็นทางการ
capacity - the amount of something that can be produced ความสามารถในการ (ผลิต)
capacity - the highest amount of production possible if all factories and machines are used
capacity - the largest amount that can be produced with current resources (factory, equipment, machines, facilities)
prompt - to cause someone to take action กระตุ้น
prompt - to cause something to happen or be done ก่อให้เกิด

inadequate - not enough, or not good enough for a particular purpose, not enough to achieve goals อย่างไม่เพียงพอ
import - to buy or bring in products from another country นำเข้า
secure - get 
massive - very large in size, amount or numberใหญ่โต
advance purchase orders - people requesting to buy something far ahead of when it is to be delivered
commitments - things you must do (because you promised to do them)
deliver on its commitments - do what it promised to do
opportunity - a situation when it is possible to do something that you want to do (See glossary)
depreciation - reduce the value of a countrys' currency (so that exports are cheaper)
improve - to make better ทำให้ดีขึ้น
competitiveness - how well a business can do compared to other firms (does it have lower price or higher quality?) การแข่งขัน

currency - the money accepted for exchange of goods in an economy เงินตรา (See Wikipedia)
devaluation - when a currency becomes less valuable or "weaker" compared to other currencies (meaning that less of the currency buys the same amount of goods as before) การลดค่าเงินบาท
drive up - make it increase
inflation - the rate at which all prices in the economy are increasing (See Economist Glossary) อัตราเงินเฟ้อ, ภาวะเงินเฟ้อ
interest - payments made for the use of another's money for a period of time
interest rates - the percentage of the loan amount that must be paid as a fee for using the money, the cost of borrowing money
bottomed out - reached the lowest point (will now start increasing again)
shrinking - reducing in size, getting smaller and smaller
stocks - large amounts stored for future use
traders - people who trade securities (stocks, bonds), derivatives or commodities ผู้ค้าหุ้นและหลักทรัพย์
X represents Y - X will be an example of Y
suffering - physical or mental pain or problems ความทุกข์ทรมาน
parboiled rice - rice that is boiled until partially cooked ข้าวต้มสำเร็จรูป
benefit - to get help or an advantage from something ผลประโยชน์
basmati rice - a variety of long grain rice, grown in India and Pakistan notable for its fragrance and delicate, nuanced flavour (See Wikipedia)  ข้าวพันธุ์บาสมาติ ของอินเดีย

"Factors pushing children out of the formal school system include financial problems, broken families, poor health and pressure from schools which shun students with weak academic records."

basic education - educational activities that take care of people's basic educational needs such "reading, writing, and arithmetic," usually takes place at an early age, but adult education such as learning to read (adult literacy) also included (See Wikipedia)
literacy - the ability to read and write (See Wikipedia)
universal - involving all members of a society or group
survive - to continue to exist, even in a very difficult situation
thrive - to become very successful (happy, healthy, rich)
factor - one of the things that determine and influence whether an event happens and how it happens 
broken families - situations where the mother and father of children stop living together (divorce, separation, etc), also known as a "broken home" 
pressure - when people are being pushed or forced to so something
shun - to deliberately avoid a person, place or activity
academic records - the information kept at schools on what courses a student has taken and the grades they received

outcome - one possible result of a process
predicted - what people think will happen in the future
nationwide - throughout a whole country ทั่วทั้งประเทศ
a development - something that happens, an event or situation
dire - very serious and bad แย่มาก เลวร้ายมาก
consequences - results of some actions or events
population - all the people living in a country, region or city (See Wikipedia)

innovation - creating or "inventing" new ideas, equipment or methods
state - condition สภาพ
affairs - events and activities relating to the government, politics, economy etc of a country, region, or the world ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประเทศ
sorry state of affairs - a bad or unpleasant situation (that is sad to even look at or think about)
dean - a senior official at a college or university, often the head of a faculty or department คณบดี (ทางการศึกษา), อธิการบดี
findings - the results or conclusions of an investigation or research
Quality Learning Foundation (QLF) - NGO working towards building a "Learning Society" in Thailand (See website and twitter: @qlfthailand)

primary - first and most important
primary school - the first early stage of required education (compulsory education) from about age 5 to 12 (See Wikipedia)
broken families - situations where the mother and father of children stop living together (divorce, separation, etc), also known as a "broken home" 
pressure - when people are being pushed or forced to so something
shun - to deliberately avoid a person, place or activity
academic - related to education (especially university education) 
records - pieces of information describing something written down or stored on a computer บันทึุก
academic records - the information kept at schools on what courses a student has taken and the grades they received

findings - what research or a study finds out or discovers to be true
reflect - show
survey - gathering information about what people think about different subjects (public opionion) by asking large numbers of people questions and counting their answers, and then using statistics, graphs, and tables to present results (See Wikipedia) การสำรวจ
labour force - all the people working in an economy (and those looking for work too)
declining - worsening
under-educated - do not have enough education to achieve goals in life
pool - a group of people available for work สมาคม กลุ่มสถาบัน
background - personal history and experience
standards - an acceptable level of quality or achievement มาตรฐาน

insisted - say firmly that something must happen or is true, and will not change mind
opportunity - a situation when it is possible to do something that you want to do (See glossary)
tackle a problem - solve a problem
problem left untackled - problem left not solved
illicit - against the law ผิดกฎหมาย
urged - advised someone very strongly about what action should be taken วิงวอน

municipality - a town, city or district with its own local government เทศบาล
mayor - the chief, head, leader of a town
supervision - the process of making sure that something is being done properly การควบคุมดูแล การตรวจตรา
enrol - register, sign up สมัคร
enrol - to put yourself onto the official list of members of a course or college ลงทะเบียน
stand the pressure - be able to resist being forced to do something
expelled - forced to leave a school or organization because of bad behaviour
misconduct - unacceptable or bad behaviour by someone in a position of authority or responsibility การประพฤติผิด
frustrated - feeling annoyed and impatient because prevented from achieving something ผิดหวัง,ท้อแท้ใจมาก หงุดหงิดใจ
troubled - has problems
committed crimes - do something illegal (they could be punished for by going to jail or paying a fine)
lease on life - given a new chance (after a failure)
remand - waiting for a criminal trial ("remanded in custody" means waiting in jail, "remanded on bail" means waiting outside of jail)

maid vs. made - "worker who cleans a house" vs. "to create something" (the title plays with the similarity of these two words)
play on words -
made to order - made specially to meet your needs and requirements (example: made to order suit that fits exactly)  
sector - a part of a country's economic or business activity ภาค (เศรษฐกิจ) (public sector = government, private sector = all businesses, household sector = families and consumers, banking sector,...) (See Wikipedia)
bill - a written document containing a proposal for a new law ญัตติ
official - approved by the government or some authority ที่เป็นทางการ
draft - not in a final form and likely to be changed ร่าง
regulation - an official rule that controls the way that things are done กฎระเบียบ, ระเบียบข้อบังคับ
household - a group of people, often a family, who live together ครัวเรือน
expected - believe will happen คาดว่า (จะเกิดขึ้น)
anniversary - a date when you celebrate something that happened in a previous year that is important to you วันครบรอบ

consideration - to go over details before deciding to do a project
approval - official permission การอนุมัต
lure - to persuade someone to do something by making seem very attractive หลอกล่อ (See glossary)
employers - companies that hire workers
rights - what the law allows you to have and do สิทธิ์ (See Wikipedia)
realise - to know about ตระหนัก รู้

wage - an amount of money that you earn for working, usually according to how many hours or days you work each week or month ค่าจ้าง
leave - time take off from work, either paid or unpaid การพักงาน
leave - a period of time when you are not working at your job, doing something else (for example, "medical leave" to receive medical treatment)
access - the right or opportunity to have or use something ได้รับสิทธิ์หรือโอกาสในการใช้
access - the ability to get something สิทธิหรือโอกาสในการใช้
treatment - the process of providing medical care การรักษา
announcement - information given to public ประกาศ
heralding - happening before some event, informing people that the event will happen, announcing
cheer - to show that you like and appreciate something by shouting happily and clapping your hands
activist – someone who takes part in activities that are intended to achieve political or social change, especially someone who is a member of an organisation นักกิจกรรม 
labour rights activists - people working for change in the laws that protect workers

1998 Labour Protection Act - Thailand's set of laws for protecting the rights of workers, covers such things as "severance pay" and "unfair dismissal"  (Read the law (pdf))
policy - a set of plans or action agreed on by a government, political party, business, or other group นโยบาย (See Wikipedia)
benefits - things like health insurance that employees receives in addition to their salary and wages
opportunities - situations in which it is possible to do what you want or need to do
bargaining power - the ability to get a better deal from someone (for example, a better price for something you want to buy)
power - energy in the form of electricity produced in large quantities and used to operate lights, machines, and heating
suffer - to experience physical or mental pain
sexual harassment - "intimidation, bullying or coercion of a sexual nature, or the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors" (See Wikipedia)

activist - someone who takes part in activities that are intended to achieve political or social change, especially someone who is a member of an organisation นักกิจกรรม, ผู้ดำเนินการที่มีความกระตือรือร้น
Action Network for Migrants (ANM) - an NGO in Thailand that works to protect the rights of migrants and migrant workers (See contact information)
Kasikorn Research Center - Thailand's top private economic research center (See website)
data - facts or information used for making calculations or decisions ข้อมูล
households - families or groups of people living together
nationality - the official right to belong to a particular country สัญชาติ,เชื้อชาติ, ชนชาติ
applauded - praised, said they thought something was very good

construction - the work of building or making something, especially buildings, bridges, etc. การก่อสร้าง (See Wikipedia)
in the pipeline - being planned and prepared and will be available soon
far afield - far away (from where you are living)
Bahrain - a small island country next to Saudi Arabia (See Wikipedia)
road networks - a system of roads that are connected to each other
massive - very large
infrastructure - The basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of the community, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons (See Google Definitions)
mass transit - public transportation such as subway, bus, elevated train, train, light rail, etc.
Italian-Thai Development - Thailand's largest construction company founded in 1954 (See website)
Multinational Corporation (MNC) - a corporation with factories or operations in many countries, very large multinationals spend more money than many countries, also have a powerful influence in international relations and local economies (See Wikipedia)

contract - a written (or oral) agreement that is legally binding สัญญา
poised - about to do or achieve something ได้มาซึ่ง
phase - a period of time or stage during the growth and development of something
bidding - making an offer that is better than other people's offers, so they choose you
win the bidding - making the best offer, so they choose you
Persian Gulf - "an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula" (See Wikipedia)
state - government รัฐ
Thailand Trade Representative Office (TTR) - Thai government agency responsible for international trade and investment policy (See website)

tap - use and get something of value from (example: tap every resource available to get the project done on time, harness the untapped potential in your organization)  
competitive - involving competition มีการแข่งขัน
competitive edge - being better than competitors, just enough to win and succeed 
international - ระหว่างประเทศ between countries
high-rises - very tall buildings
public - involving the government
infrastructure - The basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of the community, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons (See Google Definitions)
decoration - preparing to make look more beautiful, attractive and nice to look at

to date - before and including this time, not after
mass - large numbers จำนวนมหาศาล (here: large numbers of people)
transit - the act of moving from one place to another การเดินทางผ่าน
mass transit - public transportation such as subway, bus, elevated train, train, light rail, etc.
networks - "a system of lines or similar things such as roads or wires that are connected to each other" (Source: Macmillan Dictionary)
road networks - a system of roads that are connected to each other
trade - the buying and selling of goods การค้าขาย
mission - an important job, especially a military one, that someone is sent somewhere to do งาน
trade mission - a group of people sent by a government to another country to discuss business and trade issues, to promote trade 
active - working, operating, doing its job
expansion - when something increases in size, number or importance การขยายออก

a development - an event that changes the existing situation
warehouse - a large building for storing things โกดังสินค้า, คลังสินค้า, โรงพัสดุ
distribution - giving or delivering things to many people การจำหน่ายออกไป
initially - at first ในเบื้องต้น ในระยะต้น
tapioca - cassava, an important food source of carbohydrates, also source of ethanol car fuel (See Wikipedia) มันสำปะหลัง
halal - Muslim halal food, food that it is "permissible" (=halal) for a Muslim to eat, the food must follow Muslim dietary laws in its preparation which means that any producer must be certified by experts to ensure its adherence (See Wikipedia on Halal food and Muslim dietary laws)
funded - money provided for operation of a business or organisation ให้ความช่วยเหลือทางการเงิน ให้เงินลงทุน
privately funded - money for business or project given by private businesses not the government
authorities - the government, the people who control and govern some activity ผู้มีอำนาจ เจ้าหน้าที่
facilitate (verb) - help
facilitator (noun) - someone who helps 
ambitious - goals are very high and difficult to achieve (perhaps even too high to be achieved) ทะเยอทยาน
expand - to become larger ขายตัวออกไป

income - money that people receive from work or some other source, used for household consumption and savings
income tax - a percentage of a person or company's income that must be paid to the government (See Wikipedia)
personal income tax - tax paid by individual people on the income they earn each year
Fiscal Policy Office - the Thai government agency that researches policy related to Thai government spending and financing debt to cover spending deficits (when tax receipts are not enough to cover spending) 
seminar - an education meeting on a subject where people discuss and interact
alleviate - reduce the negative effects of a problem
income distribution - how a country’s total income economy is distributed amongst its population (either equally or unequally) (See Wikipedia) การกระจายรายได้
income inequality, economic inequality - when most of a country's income and assets are possessed by a small group of people, not spread equally over the whole population (See a colour-coded map of world economic inequality as measured by the Gini coefficients and also Wikipedia on income inequality and income inequality metrics).
tax return - the form that a person or company fills in with information that shows how the tax they are paying is calculated
tax base - tax collected by the government from an economy (that in turn supports government programs)   
welfare state - a government that takes of people with special needs (the poor, disabled, aged, long-term sickness) (See Wikipedia)
advocate - publicly support a policy 

nationwide - throughout a whole country ทั่วทั้งประเทศ
finance - to provide money for something จัดหาเงินทุนให้
public spending - government spending
population - all the people in an area or country
tax return - the form that a person or company fills in with information that shows how the tax they are paying is calculated
file tax return - officially give the government a tax return  
majority - more than 50 percent of a group เสียงส่วนมาก, คนส่วนใหญ่
exempt - permission not to do something
liability - (legal) responsibility or requirement, something that must be done ความรับผิดชอบ
tax liability - the amount of tax that must be paid to the government by a person or organization

burden - a difficult responsibility, a difficult thing that must be done, a heavy load to carry ภาระ (See glossary)
carry the burden - do a difficult thing that must be done
annual - happening once a year ประจำปี
symposium - a conference or large meeting in which experts and academics discuss a subject in detail
theme - the main subject of something ใจความสำคัญ, ประเด็นหลัก
inequality - when people in a society have greatly different incomes, jobs, positions and opportunities 
reconciliation - the process of two friends who have fought becoming friends again การปรองดอง, การทำให้ปรองดองกันอีก,การคืนด, การประีนีประนอม
roadmap - a plan that shows how goals will be achieved (how to get to a "final destination," just like a "roadmap")
figures - statistics, numbers describing the economy
bleaker - without much hope, very sad and negative
gap - a large difference between people or groups ช่องว่าง

taxpayers - people who pay taxes (who don't want to see their hard-earned money wasted) ผู้เสียภาษี
a full one-third - one third, which is a large amount (used for emphasis)
decade - period of ten years เป็นสิบๆปี
income gap - differences in income in a society

welfare - living in good conditions (with health, wealth, and happiness) ความสะดวกสบาย, ความมีสุขภาพดี, สวัสดิภาพ
public welfare services - help given, especially by the state or an organization, to people who need it; good care and living conditions สวัสดิภาพ
mean - method; way วิธี, วิธีการ
disparity - difference (two things are not equal) 
closing income disparities - acting to make the income of people more equal in an economy
resources - things such as money, workers and equipment that can be used to help achieve something ทรัพยากร
focus - think about and work on one thing (rather than waste time on many), concentrate time and attention on one thing ให้ความสำคัญ
fundamental - very important and essential พื้นฐาน รากฐานที่สำคัญ

significantly - in an important way อย่างสำคัญ
funding - money given for a particular purpose or project การให้เงินสนับสนุน
pension - a saving system for retirement and old age, a regular payment by a company or the government to people after their retirement เงินบำเหน็ด บำนาญ (See Wikipedia)
elderly - older people, over 65 สูงวัย, อาวุโส, อายุมาก
subsidies - when the government pays part of the cost of some activity to encourage it เงินช่วยเหลือจากรัฐ เงินสนับสนุน
land and building tax - property tax, tax paid on land and buildings that a person or company owns (See Wikipedia)
speculation - buying an asset hoping that its price will go up and you will make money, it could go down with a loss of money, assuming the risk of loss in return for the uncertain possibility of a reward (See Wikipedia)
estimate - to say what you think an amount or value is or will be, either by using available information or by guessing คาดคะเน, โดยประมาณ
landholdings - the land that is owned by a person or company

establish - to start something that will likely continue for a long time สถาปนา, ก่อตั้ง, จัดตั้ง
fund - a collection or gathering together of money เงินทุน กองทุน
national savings fund - a place where the people of the country put part of their income each month to save for the future
boost - to increase; to strengthen เพิ่ม; ทำให้มีกำลังมากขึ้น
retirement - the time when you stop working, especially because of old age เกษียณอายุ
evident - easy to see and notice, clear เห็นไ้ด้ชัด
efforts - people trying to accomplish something, achieve a goal ความพยายาม
efforts - the work done towards achieving some goal
disparity - a big difference between two things
redistribution - sharing something out differently from before, especially in a fairer way การปันส่วนหรือจัดสรรอย่างเป็นธรรม
redistribution - taking from one group of people and giving to another group

split - to divide ทำให้แตกแยก
split the cake - meaning here: the way income in an economy is divided among different groups
improve - to make better ทำให้ดีขึ้น
quality of life- the degree of well-being felt by a person or group of people, often very different from income, depending on such factors as health, stress levels, clean air, time spent in traffic jams, work hours, free time, the neighborhood you live in, for example: many consider the quality of life in the provinces ito be greater than Bangkok (See Wikipedia)
competitiveness - how well a business can do compared to other firms (does it have lower price or higher quality?) การแข่งขัน
competitiveness - how well a company is able to maintain or gain customers in a market
aim - purpose; goal เป้าหมาย จุดมุ่งหมาย
investment - taking your money and putting it into projects to make a profit or earn interest (buying stock shares, bonds, real estate)

shadow economy - market-based production of goods and services that conceals important information from the government and the public such as income and the taxes that need to be paid on the income and as part of doing business, unfair treatment of labour that does not meet labour standards   (See Wikipedia on black market but note the definition used in the paper is not quite the same)
reform - a change that is intended to correct a situation that is wrong or unfair การแก้ไข การปฏิรูป
tax base - tax collected by the government from an economy (that in turn supports government programs)  
welfare state - a government that takes of people with special needs (the poor, disabled, aged, long-term sickness) (See Wikipedia)
advocate - publicly support a policy
reasonable - sensible, reasonable, has good reasons for doing
role - purpose or function in a situation or activity
expanded role - has a greater function in a situation or activity
alleviation - reducing the negative effects of a problem
hypothesis - an idea that explains observed facts, that must be proven by testing (See Wikipedia)

agenda - list of goals to achieve in the future วาระ
issue - a subject that needs to be considered ประเด็น
raise issue - start talking about an issue in a meeting (urging other people to talk or think about it)
deliberately - done intentionally; done on purpose, do it knowing full well you that you are doing it จงใจ ตั้งใจ
deliberately concealed - hide and know you are hiding
authorities - the government, the people who control and govern some activity ผู้มีอำนาจ เจ้าหน้าที่
public authorities - government agencies and departments เจ้าหน้าที่ของรัฐ
income - money that people receive from work or some other source, used for household consumption and savings
security - the need to provide safety from attack, harm or damage ความปลอดภัย
social security - money that the government pays regularly to people who are poor, sick, disabled, or unemployed
contributions - the amount given by each member to the shared fund
standards - an acceptable level of quality or achievement มาตรฐาน
wage - an amount of money regularly paid to a worker for the work they do (per hour, per day) ค่าแรง
a minimum wage - the lowest pay rate that a company can legally pay workers, legally set by the governent to ensure that people can look after their families, economists claim that minimum wages can create unemployment (See Economist glossary) ค่าแรงขั้นต่ำ
maximum - the most possible ที่สูงสุด ที่มากที่สุด
complying - following a rule    
questionnaire - a written list of questions that many people answer to provide data for a survey or study (See Wikipedia)

pertinent - relevant
findings - the results or conclusions of an investigation or research
relative - a member of your family ญาติพี่น้อง
measured - careful and limited อย่างไตร่ตรองและรอบคอบ
ratio - the relationship of two amounts X and Y, expressed as division (X / Y) or as a percentage (%)
ratio standing between 51.8 and 57.2%
results - what is produced in the end by an activity or task
X regardless of Y - X is true and it does not matter what Y is
model - a statistical model, some math and grouping of data used to describe an object of study (See Wikipedia on statistical model)
specify model - create a model

partners - the companies owning part of the joint venture หุ้นส่วน
trading partners - other countries that a country trades with (imports goods from, exports goods to)
honour - to do what you promised to do ทำตามสัญญา
badge of honour - something that you are proud of 
is a shame - is a sad situation or truth (better if it was not this way)

individual - a person (considered separately from their society or community) บุคคล
significant - important สำคัญ
role - the function or purpose in a situation, organisation, society or relationship บทบาท
factors - one of the things that effects a situation or event ปัจจัย
contribute - be part of the cause of
significantly - in an important way อย่างสำคัญ
burden - a serious or difficult responsibility that you have to deal with ภาระ  (See glossary)
regulations - rules made by the government to control how some activity is done กฎระเบียบ
intensity of regulations - how much of an activity is controlled by regulations
dismissal - forcing someone to leave their job การไล่ออกจากตำแหน่ง
corruption - (See Wikipedia on bribery, corporate corruption, and political corruption)
official - approved by the government or some authority ที่เป็นทางการ

accuracy - the correctness of information (even in small details)
estimates - guesses of what the size, value, amount, cost, etc. of something might be การประมาณค่า
relative size - size compared to other similar or nearby things
substantially over-estimated - said it was much more than it is
troubling - makes upset and feel uncomfortable
raise issue - suggest that people should think about and discuss a problem
reflect - to show สะท้อน แสดงถึง
distribution of income - the portion of an economy's income received by different parts of society, how money is spread over different gourps in society 

poverty - being poor ความจน
inaccurate - not completely correct or exact ซึ่งคลาดเคลื่อน,ซึ่งไม่ถูกต้อง
injustice - failure to treat someone fairly and to respect their rights ความไม่ยุติธรรม
burden - something difficult and unpleasant that you must do
shoulder - to deal with or accept something difficult แบกรับภาระ หรือสถานการณ์
shoulder a burden - do something difficult and unpleasant
sense of injustice - the feeling or perception that the situation is unjust
unjust (adjective) - adjective form of "injustice" above
issue - a problem that needs to be considered ประเด็น
issue - a subject that people discuss or argue about ประเด็น
address - to deal with a problem จัดการปัญหา

focus - think about and work on one thing (rather than waste time on many), concentrate time and attention on one thing ให้ความสำคัญ
revamping - changing and improving
recommend - to advise someone that they should do something แนะนำ
revise - improve, create again or recreate with improvements
emphasis - special importance or attention that is given to one thing in particular การเน้นย้ำ
put greater emphasis on Y - make Y more important, put more attention on Y  
consumption - money spent by households and families on goods and services การบริโภค (See Wikipedia)

tackle - solve a problem
effectively - working well and producing the results that they wanted
measures - actions that are intended to achieve or deal with something มาตราการ
development - the gradual growth of an economy (with people receiving higher and higher incomes) 
decades - periods of ten years เป็นสิบๆปี

intense - done with a lot of energy and effort
intense competition - when a group of companies are all trying very hard (with great energy and effort) to be more successful than each other (all trying to get limited customer money spent on their products)
prepaid - buying a card with a certain amount of mobile phone speaking time before you actually use it
postpaid -  when the company sends a bill at the end of the month after the mobile phone service is used
service provider - a company that provides a service to customers (such as mobile phone or internet service)
brand switching - when customer stops buying one brand and buys another instead or the behaviour of often buying different products, not having brand loyalty (See Wikipedia on brand and brand loyalty)
whim - sudden feeling that you must do something, doing something without much thought 
on a whim - do suddenly without much thought
joint venture - a business owned and operated by two or more companies

bounces back - improve again after getting worse for a time
subsidiary - (of a business company) owned or controlled by another company บริษัทในเครือ
subsidiary - a company that is owned by a larger company บริษัทลูก
gaining ground - making advances (in a better position then it was before)
competitive - involving competition มีการแข่งขัน
first quarter - the first three months of the year (used for budgeting and reporting on financial performance within companies)
on track - project on schedule, going according to plan, achieving the goals it said it would achieve
mobile operators - companies that offer mobile phone service (for example: AIS, DTAC, Orange)
Mfone - a mobile phone joint venture between a Thai company and the Cambodian government (Read background on company)
trend - a new development in clothing, make-up, mobile phones, etc แนวโน้ม
SIM card - the tiny card in the back of a mobile phone that provides the phone with a telephone number (others can call)

leapfrogged - jumped over, advanced ahead of
figures - statistics, numbers describing the economy
released - made available to the public
picking up - gaining
sector - a part of the economy (public sector = government, private sector = all businesses, household sector = families and consumers, banking sector,...) ภาคเศรษฐกิจของประเทศ (See Wikipedia)
consolidate - to join together, reduce in size and make stronger รวมเป็นหนึ่ง
overhaul - to improve something so that every part of it works properly ปรับปรุงใหม่
overhaul - repair completely and rebuild
strategy - a plan to achieve a goal over a longer period of time (longer than a "tactic")
bid - an attempt to do something ความพยายาม
secure - to get or achieve something การได้มาซึ่ง

specialised - in a narrow and very special area of knowledge
launched - started เริ่มต้นดำเนินการ
targeting - directing advertising, criticism or a product at someone เล็งไปที่
tariff - fee for use of service
joyful - with great happiness ที่เปี่ยมไปด้วยความสุข
process - a series of actions that you take in order to achieve a result แนวทางปฏิบัติ, กระบวน, วิธีการ

pressure - trying to force someone to do something
come under pressure - someone began to force another person to do something 
rift - a serious disagreement between two people or groups ความแตกร้าว
major rift - big disagreement
refinancing - getting new funds to operate the business
local - in the area or country you live in ท้องถิ่น
majority - more than 50%
stakeholder - owning part of a company
majority stakeholder - owning more than 50% of a company
linked - connected to เชื่อมโยง
expected - believe will happen คาดว่า (จะเกิดขึ้น)
selloff - the selling of something
loan - an amount of money that a person, business, or country borrows, especially from a bank เงินกู้
bridging loan -  bridge loan
bridge loan - a short-term loan while waiting for longer-term financing (used for example when real estate sale will pay for real estate purchase but purchase comes before sale) (See Wikipedia)
officer - a high level person in an organisation with special responsibilities (a government officer, a police officer, an army officer)
comment - remark, telling what you think or what your opinion is about an issue หมายเหตุ
refused to comment - was silent when asked for their opinion

X has a major bearing on Y - what happens in X will affect what happens in Y
spot - position
tough - difficult ยากลำบาก
address - to deal with a problem จัดการปัญหา
prompting - causing
investment - taking your money and putting it into projects to make a profit or earn interest (buying stock shares, bonds, real estate)
infrastructure - the basic equipment and services that an economy or company relies on (tracks and trains for a railway)
network - a large system of connected parts, organisations, people, etc. เครือข่าย